. 2018 Dec 18:13:23-35.

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S182983. eCollection 2019.

Multimetal organic frameworks as drug carriers: aceclofenac as a drug candidate

Muder Al Haydar^{1

2}, Hussein Rasool Abid^{3

4}, Bruce Sunderland⁵, Shaobin Wang⁶

Affiliations

¹ Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq, muder.alhaydar@curtin.edu.au.
² Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia, muder.alhaydar@curtin.edu.au.
³ Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁴ Environmental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq.
⁵ School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁶ Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.

PMID: 30587925
PMCID: PMC6305134
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S182983

Multimetal organic frameworks as drug carriers: aceclofenac as a drug candidate

Muder Al Haydar et al. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018.

. 2018 Dec 18:13:23-35.

doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S182983. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Muder Al Haydar^{1

2}, Hussein Rasool Abid^{3

4}, Bruce Sunderland⁵, Shaobin Wang⁶

Affiliations

¹ Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq, muder.alhaydar@curtin.edu.au.
² Pharmaceutics Department, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia, muder.alhaydar@curtin.edu.au.
³ Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁴ Environmental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq.
⁵ School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
⁶ Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.

PMID: 30587925
PMCID: PMC6305134
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S182983

Abstract

Background: Multimetal organic frameworks (M-MOFs) were synthesized by including a second metal ion with the main base metal in the synthesis process to enhance their applications for drug delivery. Aceclofenac (ACF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug of low aqueous solubility, was selected as a candidate for the drug delivery system.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the loading capacity (LC) and entrapment efficiency (EE) percentages of multi-Material of Institute Lavoisier (MIL)-100(Fe) (M-MIL-100(Fe)) for ACF.

Materials and methods: Hydrothermal synthesis procedure was used to prepare multi-MIL-100(Fe) samples (Zn I-MIL-100(Fe), Zn II-MIL-100(Fe), Ca I-MIL-100(Fe), Ca II-MIL-100-(Fe), Mg I-MIL-100(Fe), Mg II-MIL-100(Fe), Mn I-MIL-100(Fe), and Mn II-MIL-100(Fe)). The characterization of M-MIL-100(Fe) samples was evaluated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), TGA, and N₂ adsorption isotherms. The LC of M-MIL-100(Fe) and EE of ACF were determined. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and zeta-potential analyses were employed to confirm qualitatively the drug loading within M-MIL-100(Fe).

Results: The ACF LC of MIL-100(Fe) was 27%, whereas the LC of M-MIL-100(Fe) was significantly increased and ranged from 37% in Ca I-MIL-100(Fe) to about 57% and 59% in Mn II-MIL-100(Fe) and Zn II-MIL-100(Fe), respectively. The ACF@M-MOFs release profiles showed slow release rates in phosphate buffer solutions at pH 6.8 and 7.4 as compared to the ACF@MIL-100(Fe).

Conclusion: Therefore, M-MOFs showed a significant potential as a carrier for drug delivery systems.

Keywords: MIL-100; Mixed metal-MOF; aceclofenac; drug delivery; drug loading.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

**Figure 1**
The chemical structure of aceclofenac.

**Figure 2**
XRPD of MIL-100(Fe) and M-MIL-100(Fe) samples (where M is either Ca (A), Mg (B), Mn (C), or Zn (D)). **Abbreviation:** XRPD, X-ray powder diffraction.

**Figure 3**
N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms for MIL-100(Fe) (A) and M-MIL-100(Fe) (M is Ca (B), Mn (C), Mg (D), or Zn (E)) samples.

**Figure 4**
NMR of ACF and corresponding M-MIL-100(Fe) samples (ACF and Ca-M-MIL-(Fe) I and II) (A), (ACF and Mg-MIL-100(Fe-) I and II) (B), (ACF and Mn-MIL-100(Fe) I and II) (C), and (ACF and Zn-MIL-100(Fe) I and II) (D). **Abbreviations:** ACF, aceclofenac; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance.

**Figure 5**
The release profiles of (A–D) represent all ACF@M-MIL-100(Fe) (Zn, Mn, Mg, and Ca, respectively) samples in 50 mmol phosphate buffer (pH 6.8 and 7.4) at 37°C±1°C. **Abbreviation:** ACF, aceclofenac.

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Multimetal organic frameworks as drug carriers: aceclofenac as a drug candidate

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Multimetal organic frameworks as drug carriers: aceclofenac as a drug candidate

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