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Review
. 2019 Jan 2;24(1):155.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24010155.

Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Polyphenols from Chinese Salvia Species: A Review

Jie Wang  1 , Jianping Xu  2 , Xue Gong  3 , Min Yang  4 , Chunhong Zhang  5 , Minhui Li  6   7
Affiliations
Review

Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of Polyphenols from Chinese Salvia Species: A Review

Jie Wang et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Salvia species find widespread application in food and pharmaceutical products owing to their large polyphenol content. The main polyphenols in Chinese Salvia species are phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exhibit anti-oxygenation, anti-ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-thrombosis, anti-tumour, and other therapeutic effects. However, there are few peer-reviewed studies on polyphenols in Chinese Salvia species, especially flavonoids. This review is a systematic, comprehensive collation of available information on the biosynthesis, chemistry, and pharmacology of Chinese Salvia species. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because this review provides a detailed literary resource on the currently available information on various polyphenolic components of Chinese Salvia species, including their bioactivities and structures. In addition, the study provides information that would encourage further investigation of this plant material as a natural resource with potential for a broad range of applications in various industries, such as the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: Salvia; biosynthesis; chemistry; pharmacology; phenolic acids; polyphenols.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The biosynthetic pathway of phenolic acids in Salvia species. TAT: tyrosine aminotransferase; HPPR: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase; HPPD: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvated dioxygenase; PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H: cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; RAS: hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: hydroxyphenyllactate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; caffeoyl-4′-HPLA: caffeoyl-4′-hydroxyphenyllactic acid; 4-coumaroyl-4′-HPLA: 4-coumaroyl-4′-hydroxyphenyllactic acid; 4-coumaroyl-3′,4′-DHPLA: 4-coumaroyl-3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid; 3-H: hydroxycinnamoyl-hydroxyphenyllactate 3-hydroxylase, 3′-H: hydroxycinnamoyl-hydroxyphenyllactate 3′-hydroxylase. Solid line: the verified biosynthesis process; dotted line: proposed biosynthesis processes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The representative structures of phenolic acids in Salvia species.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The representative structures of phenolic acids in Salvia species.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The structures of flavonoids in Salvia species.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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