The chromatin landscape of the ribosomal RNA genes in mouse and human

Abstract

The rRNA genes of mouse and human encode the three major RNAs of the ribosome and as such are essential for growth and development. These genes are present in high copy numbers and arranged as direct repeats at the Nucleolar Organizer Regions on multiple chromosomes. Not all the rRNA genes are transcriptionally active, but the molecular mechanisms that determine activity are complex and still poorly understood. Recent studies applying a novel Deconvolution Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (DChIP-Seq) technique in conjunction with conditional gene inactivation provide new insights into the structure of the active rRNA genes and question previous assumptions on the role of chromatin and histone modifications. We suggest an alternative model for the active rRNA gene chromatin and discuss how this structure is determined and maintained.

Keywords: Active rDNA chromatin; RNA polymerase I (RPI, PolI, Polr1); RPI associated factor RRN3 (TIF-IA or TIF1A); Ribosomal DNA (rDNA); Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes; Ribosome biogenesis; Silent rDNA chromatin; Upstream binding factor (UBF/UBTF).