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. 2018 Dec 11;8(24):13014-13026.
doi: 10.1002/ece3.4755. eCollection 2018 Dec.

Phylogeographic analyses of a widely distributed Populus davidiana: Further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia of cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia

Zhe Hou  1 , Zhaoshan Wang  1   2 , Zhanyang Ye  1 , Shuhui Du  1   3 , Shuyu Liu  1 , Jianguo Zhang  1   2
Affiliations

Phylogeographic analyses of a widely distributed Populus davidiana: Further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia of cool-temperate deciduous trees in northern East Asia

Zhe Hou et al. Ecol Evol. .

Abstract

Despite several phylogeographic studies had provided evidence to support the existence of glacial refugia of cool-temperate deciduous trees in northeast China, the species used in these studies were limited by the species ranges, which could not exclude the possibility that northern populations were the colonists from southern refugial populations during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Here, we estimated the nucleotide variation in Populus davidiana, a widespread species distributed in Eurasia. Three groups in northeast, central, and southwest China were constructed according to the simulation results from SAMOVA, composition of chloroplast haplotypes and structure results. We revealed that the northeast China had endemic haplotypes, the haplotypes and nucleotide diversity in northern regions were not lower than that in southern China, and this species has not experienced population expansion base on the estimation of Bayesian skyline plots. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) indicated that the northeast China had a high suitability score during the last glacial maximum. The combined evidence clearly demonstrated that northeastern and southwestern refugia were maintained across the current distributional range of P. davidiana during the LGM. The genetic differentiation between these two refugia might be mainly caused by differences of climate among these areas. The phylogeographic analyses of a widely distributed P. davidiana provided robust evidence to clarify the issue of refugia in northeast China, and these results are of great importance for understanding the influence of Quaternary glaciations on the distribution and evolution of species in East Asia.

Keywords: East Asia; Quaternary glaciations; molecular variation; northeast refugia; temperate forest.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographic distribution of the 32 sampled populations of P. davidiana. Distribution frequencies of cpDNA haplotypes, with networks of the cpDNA haplotypes constructed using NETWORK 5.0.0.0. Colored haplotypes are shared by two or more populations, and blank ones are private haplotypes. Haplotypes O1–O5 appear exclusively in outgroups. The sizes of circles in the network are proportional to the observed number of individuals in the haplotypes, and the sizes of the circles on the map are proportional to the population sizes of sampling locations, the number on the line show the number of mutations between haplotypes in the network, bottom right dots of different colors represent the three population groups identified by SAMOVA
Figure 2
Figure 2
The genetic structure of P. davidiana constructed using STRUCTURE. DB: the northeast of China; HB: the central China; NF: the southwest of China; K was estimated using (a) the posterior probability of the data given each K (20 replicates), (b) the distribution of ΔK, and (c) the clusters were detected from STRUCTURE analysis
Figure 3
Figure 3
Bayesian skyline plots for the three groups, showing effective population size as a function of time. The upper and lower limits of light blue trend represent the 95% confidence intervals of HPD analysis
Figure 4
Figure 4
Ecological niche modeling for P. davidiana in China. The maps were created using MAXENT and ArcGIS. The strength of prediction is indicated according by the key. Red and orange areas show strong predictions. (a) Regions in China considered suitable for P. davidiana under current climate conditions. (b) The paleodistribution model for P. davidiana in the LIG (130,000 years ago). (c) The paleodistribution model for P. davidiana in the LGM (22,000 years ago) according to CCSM. (d) The paleodistribution model for P. davidiana in the LGM (22,000 years ago) provided by MIROC
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