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Review
. 2019 Jan;49(1):1-21.
doi: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0373.

KSHF Guidelines for the Management of Acute Heart Failure: Part I. Definition, Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure

Ju Hee Lee #  1 , Min Seok Kim #  2 , Eung Ju Kim  3 , Dae Gyun Park  4 , Hyun Jai Cho  5 , Byung Su Yoo  6 , Seok Min Kang  7 , Dong Ju Choi  8
Affiliations
Review

KSHF Guidelines for the Management of Acute Heart Failure: Part I. Definition, Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Acute Heart Failure

Ju Hee Lee et al. Korean Circ J. 2019 Jan.

Abstract

The prevalence of heart failure (HF) is on the rise due to the aging of society. Furthermore, the continuous progress and widespread adoption of screening and diagnostic strategies have led to an increase in the detection rate of HF, effectively increasing the number of patients requiring monitoring and treatment. Because HF is associated with substantial rates of mortality and morbidity, as well as high socioeconomic burden, there is an increasing need for developing specific guidelines for HF management. The Korean guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic HF were introduced in March 2016. However, chronic and acute heart failure (AHF) represent distinct disease entities. Here, we introduce the Korean guidelines for the management of AHF with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Part I of this guideline covers the definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis of AHF.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Guideline; Heart failure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Clinical classification of acute heart failure.
CI = cardiac index; PCWP = pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Diagnostic approach for AHF.
AHF = acute heart failure; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; CBC = complete blood count; HF = heart failure; ECG = electrocardiography; LFT = liver function test; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; TFT = thyroid function test.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Initial management strategy for AHF.
Ponikowski P, et al.; 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, European Heart Journal 2016; 37 (27): 2129–2200, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. © European Society of Cardiology. AHF = acute heart failure; BiPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; CCU = coronary care unit; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; ICU = intensive care unit. *Acute mechanical cause: interventricular septal perforation, ventricular free wall rupture, and acute mitral regurgitation complicating acute coronary syndrome, ii) complications due to thoracic trauma, iii) acute native or prosthetic valve dysfunction secondary to endocarditis, and iv) complications due to aortic dissection or thrombosis.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Management strategy for AHF based on the degrees of congestion and peripheral perfusion.
Ponikowski P, et al.; 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC, European Heart Journal 2016; 37 (27): 2129–2200, doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128. Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. © European Society of Cardiology. AHF = acute heart failure.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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