Infant burns: A single institution retrospective review

Abstract

Thermal injuries amongst infants are common and a cause of significant mortality and morbidity in South Africa. This has been attributed to the lack of an enabling environment (poverty-related lack of safe living conditions) and the cognitive and physical developmental immaturity of infants, who depend on their surroundings and adults to keep them safe. This is a retrospective observational study of 548 infant admissions over 48 months. Infant was defined as children below 13 months of age. The 548 infants constituted 23% of all paediatric burn admissions of ages 0-12 years. Three hundred and fourteen were males (57%) and 234 (42.7%) females. The infants were divided in a pre-ambulatory group of 143 (26%) infants of 0-6 months and an ambulatory group of 7 months to 12 months consisting of 457 (83.3%). The total body surface area (TBSA) ranged from 2-65%. Seventy-six percent (417 infants) occurred in the home environment. Scalds accounted for 86% (471 infants) and 6% (33 infants) were as a result of flame burns. Non-accidental injuries accounted for 1.2%. The anatomical distributions varied between the pre-ambulatory and ambulatory groups. Conservative management was done in 397 (72.4%) and 101(18.4%) infants underwent surgery. Infection was suspected in 76 (13.5%) infants with positive blood cultures in 15(20%) of the 76. ICU care was received in 46 (8.3%) infants and 15 (32.6%) of these had inhalation injuries. Of the inhalation injuries 11(23.9%) infants underwent mechanical ventilation of an average of 4.4 days. Ventilator associated pneumonia was diagnosed in 8(17%) of the ventilated children. The mortality rate was 0.36%. The surgically treated patients acquired more complications than the conservatively treated group. Special treatment considerations should be considered in this paediatric sub-group.

Keywords: Burn epidemiology; Complications of infant burns; Infant burns; Mortality; Neonatal burns.