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. 2019 Jan 11;24(2):257.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24020257.

Sonochemical Degradation of Benzothiophene (BT) in Deionized Water, Natural Water and Sea Water

Khadijah M Al-Zaydi  1   2 , Christian Petrier  3   4 , Sameera M M Mousally  5   6 , Sana T Arab  7   8 , Moamen S Refat  9   10
Affiliations

Sonochemical Degradation of Benzothiophene (BT) in Deionized Water, Natural Water and Sea Water

Khadijah M Al-Zaydi et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

This paper deals with the sonochemical water treatment of polycyclic aromatic sulfur hydrocarbons (PASHs), one of the most common impurities found in waste water coming from petroleum industry. The best fit of the experimental data appears to be the kinetic parameters determined using the Michaelis-Mentonmodel in the concentrations range of the study. For the initial increase in the degradation rates, it is simply considered that the more the bulk concentration increases, the more the concentration in the interfacial region increases. This will be explained by Michaelis-Menton kinetics. The influence of organic compounds in the water matrix as a mixture with Benzothiophene (BT) was also evaluated. The results indicated that BT degradation is unaffected by the presence of bisphenol A (BPA). Finally, the results indicated that ultrasonic action is involved in oxidation rather than pyrolitic processing in the BT sonochemical degradation.

Keywords: advanced oxidation processes; benzothiophene; sonochemical degradation; water treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The general scheme of a sonochemical reactor operating in the high frequency range (200–2000 kHz).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Evolution of the temperature in the sonochemical reactor containing water (400 mL).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Ultrasonic energy (colorimetric method) absorbed in water with increasing electrical power input 352 kHz; 400 mL.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Sonochemical degradation at 352 kHz of benzothiophene (BT) in water (300 mL), temperature = 21 °C ± 1 °C; electrical input = 80 W; (a) deionized water Co = 0.67× 10−3 ML; (b) natural water Co =0.71 × 10−3 ML; (c) sea water Co = 0.95× 10−3 ML.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Sonochemical degradation at 352 kHz of benzothiophene (BT) in water (300 mL), temperature = 21 °C ± 1 °C; electrical input = 80 W; (a) deionized water Co = 0.67× 10−3 ML; (b) natural water Co =0.71 × 10−3 ML; (c) sea water Co = 0.95× 10−3 ML.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The degradation rates of BT as a function of the concentration(a) in deionized water; (b) in natural water; (c) in sea water (352 kHz; volume = 300 mL; temperature = 21 °C ± 1 °C; electric input = 80 W).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The degradation rates of BT as a function of the concentration(a) in deionized water; (b) in natural water; (c) in sea water (352 kHz; volume = 300 mL; temperature = 21 °C ± 1 °C; electric input = 80 W).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Scheme of the main reactions occurring in and at the interface of the bubble that account for the hydrophilic organic compounds’ (OC) oxidation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Main products obtain during sonochemical degradation of BT.
Figure 8
Figure 8
BT degradation rate in deionized, natural and synthetic sea water at the lowest concentrations; 352 kHz; volume = 300 mL; temperature = 21 °C ± 1 °C; electric input = 80 W.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The degradation rate at 352 kHz of a mixture bisphenol A (BPA) (BT-7.0 × 10−6 M) in deionized water. Temperature 21 °C ± 1 °C; Electrical input 80 W.
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