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1 Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy. mario.cozzolino@unimi.it.
2 Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy. michelamangano91@gmail.com.
3 Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy. andrea.galassi@asst-santipaolocarlo.it.
4 Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico & Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, 20122 Milan, Italy. p.ciceri@hotmail.it.
5 Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico & Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, 20122 Milan, Italy. piergiorgio.messa@unimi.it.
6 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. SNIGWEKAR@mgh.harvard.edu.
1 Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy. mario.cozzolino@unimi.it.
2 Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy. michelamangano91@gmail.com.
3 Renal Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy. andrea.galassi@asst-santipaolocarlo.it.
4 Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico & Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, 20122 Milan, Italy. p.ciceri@hotmail.it.
5 Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico & Fondazione D'Amico per la Ricerca sulle Malattie Renali, 20122 Milan, Italy. piergiorgio.messa@unimi.it.
6 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. SNIGWEKAR@mgh.harvard.edu.
Vitamin K is a composite term referring to a group of fat-soluble vitamins that function as a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX), which activates a number of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) involved in haemostasis and vascular and bone health. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients suffer from subclinical vitamin K deficiency, suggesting that this represents a population at risk for the biological consequences of poor vitamin K status. This deficiency might be caused by exhaustion of vitamin K due to its high requirements by vitamin K-dependent proteins to inhibit calcification.
Elder S.J., Haytowitz D.B., Howe J., Peterson J.W., Booth S.L. Vitamin K contents of meat, dairy, and fast food in the US diet. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006;54:463–467. doi: 10.1021/jf052400h.
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Sakano T., Nagaoka T., Morimoto A., Hirauchi K. Measurement of K vitamins in human and animal feces by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986;34:4322–4326. doi: 10.1248/cpb.34.4322.
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Ji Y., Li X., Tso P. Intestinal fatty acid absorption. Immununol. Endocr. Metab. Agents Med. Chem. 2009;9:60–73. doi: 10.2174/187152209788009832.
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