Effect of a short-term low fermentable oligiosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) diet on exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms

Abstract

Background: Research has demonstrated that low fermentable oligiosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) diets improve gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome sufferers. Exercise-related GI issues are a common cause of underperformance, with current evidence focusing on the use of FODMAP approaches with recreationally competitive or highly trained athletes. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the potential benefit of FODMAP strategies to support healthy, recreational athletes who experience GI issues during training. This study therefore aimed to assess whether a short-term LOW_FODMAP diet improved exercise-related GI symptoms and the perceived ability to exercise in recreational runners.

Methods: Sixteen healthy volunteers were randomly assigned in a crossover design manner to either a LOW_FODMAP (16.06 ± 1.79 g·d^{- 1}) or HIGH_FODMAP (38.65 ± 6.66 g·d^{- 1}) diet for 7 days, with a one week washout period followed by a further 7 days on the alternate diet. Participants rated their gastrointestinal symptoms on an adapted version of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS) questionnaire before and at the end of each dietary period. Perceived ability to exercise (frequency, intensity and duration) in relation to each dietary period was also rated using a visual analogue scale. Resting blood samples were collected prior to and on completion of each diet to determine plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) as a marker of acute GI injury.

Results: Overall IBS-SSS score significantly reduced in the LOW_FODMAP condition from 81.1 ± 16.4 to 31.3 ± 9.2 (arbitrary units; P = 0.004). Perceived exercise frequency (z = 2.309, P = 0.02) and intensity (z = 2.687, P = 0.007) was significantly improved following a short-term LOW_FODMAP approach compared to HIGH_FODMAP. No significant differences were reported between dietary conditions for plasma I-FABP (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: A short-term LOW_FODMAP diet under free-living conditions reduced exercise-related GI symptoms and improved the perceived ability to exercise in otherwise healthy, recreational runners. These findings may be explained by a reduction in indigestible carbohydrates available for fermentation in the gut. The therapeutic benefits of LOW_FODMAP diets in recreational and trained athletes during sustained training periods warrants further investigation.

Keywords: FODMAP diet; Gastrointestinal symptoms; Nutrition; Recreational athletes.

Fig. 1

Participant GI symptom scores following each dietary intervention. Displays individual participant accumulated IBS-symptom severity scores following each FODMAP condition. Au = arbitrary units. * denotes significant difference pre-post within group (P = 0.004); ** denotes significant difference between dietary conditions (post; P = 0.007)

Fig. 2

Relative changes in mean GI symptom responses following each dietary condition. The figure demonstrates the mean delta change in GI responses following each FODMAP condition. Au = arbitrary units. * denotes significant difference between conditions (P = 0.02)

Fig. 3

Mean plasma I-FABP concentrations at rest in response to FODMAP conditions. The figure demonstrates the average I-FABP (pg·ml^− 1) before and after the LOW_FODMAP and HIGH_FODMAP intervention. No significant differences reported (P > 0.05)