Self-stigma, stigma coping and functioning in remitted bipolar disorder

Abstract

Objective: Stigma has a deleterious effect on functioning in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). However, there has been no research investigating how stigma coping predicts self-stigma and functioning in BD. Furthermore, how different stages of self-stigma might affect functioning is unclear. The following hypotheses were examined: (1) Stigma coping by withdrawal and secrecy was associated with more self-stigma; (2) Stigma coping by withdrawal and secrecy was associated with worse social functioning; and (3) Later stages of self-stigma were associated with worse social functioning.

Methods: A random sample of remitted BD in a regional psychiatric clinic was examined using a cross-sectional design (n = 115). Self-stigma was measured using the Chinese versions of Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (C-SSMIS). Social functioning was assessed using the Functional Assessment Short Test (FAST). Stigma coping was evaluated using the Stigma Coping Orientation Scale (SCOS).

Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that coping by secrecy was associated with the stereotype agreement subscale of C-SSMIS, while coping by withdrawal was associated with the C-SSMIS self-concurrence and self-esteem decrement subscales. Another regression analysis showed that FAST total score was associated with the self-esteem decrement subscale of C-SSMIS and the severity of depressive and manic symptoms.

Conclusion: We showed that self-esteem decrement, the final stage of self-stigma, was the most crucial stage in determining psychosocial functioning. Our findings suggested that stigma-reduction intervention should be arranged during the early stage of BD and targeted at various dysfunctional stigma coping.

Keywords: Bipolar disorder; Functioning; Self-stigma; Stigma; Stigma coping.