Development and Validation of the Real-World Progression in Diabetes (RAPIDS) Model

Abstract

Introduction: To develop and validate the first real-world data-based type 2 diabetes progression model (RAPIDS) employing econometric techniques that can study the comparative effects of complex dynamic patterns of glucose-lowering drug use.

Methods: The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) electronic medical record and claims databases were used to identify over 500,000 diabetes patients in 2003 with up to 9-year follow-up. The RAPIDS model contains interdependent first-order Markov processes over quarters for each of the micro- and macrovascular events, hypoglycemia, and death, as well as predictive models for 8 biomarker levels. Model parameters varied by static demographic factors and dynamic factors, such as age, duration of diabetes, 13 possible glucose-lowering treatment combinations, any blood pressure and any cholesterol-lowering medications, and cardiovascular history. To illustrate model capabilities, a simple comparative study was set up to compare observed treatment use patterns to alternate patterns if perfect adherence is assumed following initiating the use of any of these medications.

Results: Data were randomly split into 307,288, 105,195, and 105,081 patients to perform estimation, out-of-sample calibration, and validation, respectively. Model predictions in the validation sample closely aligned with the observed longitudinal trajectory of biomarkers and outcomes. Perfect adherence among initiators increased proportion of days covered by only 6 months. Most of this increase came from increased adherence to monotherapies and did not lead to meaningful changes in any of the outcomes over the 9-year period.

Conclusion: Future value of increasing medication adherence among VA patients with diabetes may lie among those who never initiate treatment or are late in initiating treatment. The first-of-its-kind real-world data-based model has the potential to carry out many complex comparative-effectiveness research (CER) studies of dynamic glucose-lowering drug regimens.

Keywords: comparative effectiveness research; diabetes; dynamic patterns; glucose-lowering; model; real-world data.

Figure 1

REAL-WORLD PROGRESSION IN DIABETES (RAPIDS) MODEL

Figure 2

Infographic on methodological plan for RAPIDs model development

Figure 3

Predicted trajectories and observed values of biomarkers in Part C – Validation Sample. (Quarter 0 refers to the baseline quarter Oct – Dec 2012).

Figure 4

Predicted trajectories and observed values of micro (a-d) and macro-vascular (e-h) outcomes in Part C – Validation Sample. (Quarter 0 refers to the baseline quarter Oct – Dec 2012).

Figure 5

Predicted trajectories and observed values of cumulative all-cause mortality in Part C – Validation Sample. (Quarter 0 refers to the baseline quarter Oct – Dec 2012).

Figure 6

Comparative analysis: treatment patterns for 100 randomly selected patients with (a) observed treatment use pattern and (b) alternate treatment use pattern after assuming perfect adherence patterns to glucose-lowering drugs after initiation.