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. 2019 Jun;143(6):2238-2253.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.1010. Epub 2019 Jan 17.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for CD40 ligand deficiency: Results from an EBMT/ESID-IEWP-SCETIDE-PIDTC study

Francesca Ferrua  1 Stefania Galimberti  2 Virginie Courteille  3 Mary Anne Slatter  4 Claire Booth  5 Despina Moshous  6 Benedicte Neven  6 Stephane Blanche  6 Marina Cavazzana  7 Alexandra Laberko  8 Anna Shcherbina  8 Dmitry Balashov  8 Elena Soncini  9 Fulvio Porta  9 Hamoud Al-Mousa  10 Bandar Al-Saud  10 Hasan Al-Dhekri  10 Rand Arnaout  10 Renata Formankova  11 Yves Bertrand  12 Andrzej Lange  13 Joanne Smart  14 Beata Wolska-Kusnierz  15 Victor M Aquino  16 Christopher C Dvorak  17 Anders Fasth  18 Fanny Fouyssac  19 Carsten Heilmann  20 Manfred Hoenig  21 Catharina Schuetz  21 Jadranka Kelečić  22 Robbert G M Bredius  23 Arjan C Lankester  23 Caroline A Lindemans  24 Felipe Suarez  25 Kathleen E Sullivan  26 Michael H Albert  27 Krzysztof Kałwak  28 Vincent Barlogis  29 Monica Bhatia  30 Victoria Bordon  31 Wojciech Czogala  32 Laura Alonso  33 Figen Dogu  34 Jolanta Gozdzik  35 Aydan Ikinciogullari  36 Gergely Kriván  37 Per Ljungman  38 Isabelle Meyts  39 Peter Mustillo  40 Angela R Smith  41 Carsten Speckmann  42 Mikael Sundin  43 Steven John Keogh  44 Peter John Shaw  45 Jaap Jan Boelens  46 Ansgar S Schulz  21 Petr Sedlacek  11 Paul Veys  47 Nizar Mahlaoui  48 Ales Janda  49 E Graham Davies  5 Alain Fischer  50 Morton J Cowan  17 Andrew Richard Gennery  4 SCETIDE, PIDTC, EBMT & ESID IEWP
Affiliations

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for CD40 ligand deficiency: Results from an EBMT/ESID-IEWP-SCETIDE-PIDTC study

Francesca Ferrua et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Jun.

Abstract

Background: CD40 ligand (CD40L) deficiency, an X-linked primary immunodeficiency, causes recurrent sinopulmonary, Pneumocystis and Cryptosporidium species infections. Long-term survival with supportive therapy is poor. Currently, the only curative treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Objective: We performed an international collaborative study to improve patients' management, aiming to individualize risk factors and determine optimal HSCT characteristics.

Methods: We retrospectively collected data on 130 patients who underwent HSCT for CD40L deficiency between 1993-2015. We analyzed outcome and variables' relevance with respect to survival and cure.

Results: Overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were 78.2%, 58.1%, and 72.3% 5 years after HSCT. Results were better in transplantations performed in 2000 or later and in children less than 10 years old at the time of HSCT. Pre-existing organ damage negatively influenced outcome. Sclerosing cholangitis was the most important risk factor. After 2000, superior OS was achieved with matched donors. Use of myeloablative regimens and HSCT at 2 years or less from diagnosis associated with higher OS and DFS. EFS was best with matched sibling donors, myeloablative conditioning (MAC), and bone marrow-derived stem cells. Most rejections occurred after reduced-intensity or nonmyeloablative conditioning, which associated with poor donor cell engraftment. Mortality occurred mainly early after HSCT, predominantly from infections. Among survivors who ceased immunoglobulin replacement, T-lymphocyte chimerism was 50% or greater donor in 85.2%.

Conclusion: HSCT is curative in patients with CD40L deficiency, with improved outcome if performed before organ damage development. MAC is associated with better OS, EFS, and DFS. Prospective studies are required to compare the risks of HSCT with those of lifelong supportive therapy.

Keywords: CD40 ligand; X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; primary immunodeficiency.

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