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Multicenter Study
. 2019 May;156(6):1675-1682.
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.01.028. Epub 2019 Jan 19.

Frailty Associated With Waitlist Mortality Independent of Ascites and Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Multicenter Study

Jennifer C Lai  1 , Robert S Rahimi  2 , Elizabeth C Verna  3 , Matthew R Kappus  4 , Michael A Dunn  5 , Mara McAdams-DeMarco  6 , Christine E Haugen  7 , Michael L Volk  8 , Andres Duarte-Rojo  9 , Daniel R Ganger  10 , Jacqueline G O'Leary  11 , Jennifer L Dodge  12 , Daniela Ladner  13 , Dorry L Segev  7
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Frailty Associated With Waitlist Mortality Independent of Ascites and Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Multicenter Study

Jennifer C Lai et al. Gastroenterology. 2019 May.

Abstract

Background & aims: Frailty is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. We measured frailty using 3 simple tests and calculated Liver Frailty Index (LFI) scores for patients at multiple ambulatory centers. We investigated associations between LFI scores, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and mortality.

Methods: Adults without hepatocellular carcinoma who were on the liver transplantation waitlist at 9 centers in the United States (N = 1044) were evaluated using the LFI; LFI scores of at least 4.5 indicated that patients were frail. We performed logistic regression analyses to assess associations between frailty and ascites or HE and competing risk regression analyses (with liver transplantation as the competing risk) to estimate sub-hazard ratios (sHRs) of waitlist mortality (death or removal from the waitlist).

Results: Of study subjects, 36% had ascites, 41% had HE, and 25% were frail. The odds of frailty were higher for patients with ascites (adjusted odd ratio 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.14) or HE (odd ratio 2.45, 95% CI 1.80-3.33) than for those without these features. Larger proportions of frail patients with ascites (29%) or HE (30%) died while on the waitlist compared with patients who were not frail (17% of patients with ascites and 20% with HE). In univariable analysis, ascites (sHR 1.52, 95% CI 1.14-2.05), HE (sHR 1.84, 95% CI 1.38-2.45), and frailty (sHR 2.38, 95% CI 1.77-3.20) were associated with waitlist mortality. In adjusted models, only frailty remained significantly associated with waitlist mortality (sHR 1.82, 95% CI 1.31-2.52); ascites and HE were not.

Conclusions: Frailty is a prevalent complication of cirrhosis that is observed more frequently in patients with ascites or HE and independently associated with waitlist mortality. LFI scores can be used to objectively quantify risk of death related to frailty-in excess of liver disease severity-in patients with cirrhosis.

Keywords: End-Stage Liver Disease; Malnutrition; Portal Hypertension; Risk Factor.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures: The authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to disclose as described by Gastroenterology.

Figures

Figure.
Figure.
Rates of waitlist mortality at 12 months, defined as death or delisting for being too sick for liver transplantation, by ascites or hepatic encephalopathy and frailty.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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