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. 2019 Jan 19;9(1):28.
doi: 10.3390/ani9010028.

Integrating 16S rRNA Sequencing and LC⁻MS-Based Metabolomics to Evaluate the Effects of Live Yeast on Rumen Function in Beef Cattle

Ibukun Ogunade  1 , Hank Schweickart  2 , Megan McCoun  3 , Kyle Cannon  4 , Christina McManus  5
Affiliations

Integrating 16S rRNA Sequencing and LC⁻MS-Based Metabolomics to Evaluate the Effects of Live Yeast on Rumen Function in Beef Cattle

Ibukun Ogunade et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

We evaluated the effects of live yeast on ruminal bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef steer. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to one of two treatment sequences in a study with two 25-d experimental periods and a crossover design. The steers were housed in individual pens. The dietary treatments were control (CON) or yeast (YEA; CON plus 15 g/d of live yeast product). Bacterial diversity was examined by sequencing the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The metabolome analysis was performed using a liquid chromatograph and a mass spectrometry system (LC⁻MS). Live yeast supplementation increased the relative abundance of eight cellulolytic bacterial genera as well as Anaerovorax and Lachnospiraceae. Proteiniclasticum, Salmonella, and Lactococcus were not detected in the YEA treatment. Live yeast supplementation increased the concentrations of 4-cyclohexanedione and glucopyranoside and decreased the concentrations of threonic acid, xanthosine, deoxycholic acid, lauroylcarnitine, methoxybenzoic acid, and pentadecylbenzoic acid. The bacteroidales BS11, Christensenellaceae R-7, and Candidatus saccharimonas showed positive correlations with the metabolites involved in amino acid biosynthesis and the metabolism of energy substrates; the functions of these bacteria are not fully understood in relation to the mode of action of yeast. This study confirms the usefulness of LC⁻MS-based metabolomics in deciphering the mode of action of live yeast in the rumen.

Keywords: bacterial diversity; beef steer; live yeast; ruminal metabolome.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Between-sample (β) diversity indices for the weighted and (B) unweighted uniFrac distances of rumen samples from beef steers fed no (control; CON) or 15 g/d of live yeast product (YEA; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA), ** p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Linear discriminant analysis effect size of rumen bacterial populations of beef steer fed no (control) or 15 g/d of live yeast product (YEA; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA). This plot indicates the most differentially abundant taxa according to the logarithmic linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score cutoff of ≥4.0. All the taxa meeting the significant threshold of 4.0 are enriched in steers fed YEA.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) The scores plot of the PCA model showing the directions that best explain the variance between the two treatments. (B) OPLS–DA score plot of all metabolite features. CON = steers fed control diet (no live yeast product), YEA = steers fed 15 g/d of live yeast product (PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA). Each data point represents one rumen fluid sample.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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