Coatings on mammalian cells: interfacing cells with their environment

Abstract

The research community is intent on harnessing increasingly complex biological building blocks. At present, cells represent a highly functional component for integration into higher order systems. In this review, we discuss the current application space for cellular coating technologies and emphasize the relationship between the target application and coating design. We also discuss how the cell and the coating interact in common analytical techniques, and where caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results. Finally, we look ahead at emerging application areas that are ideal for innovation in cellular coatings. In all, cellular coatings leverage the machinery unique to specific cell types, and the opportunities derived from these hybrid assemblies have yet to be fully realized.

Keywords: Cell therapy; Cellular coatings; Coatings; Mammalian cells; Polymers.

Fig. 1

Current applications of mammalian cell surface coatings

Fig. 2

(a) ICAM1-antibody coated MSC homing to ischemic site. (b) The lipid palmitated protein G conjugation of ICAM1 antibodies to the MSC surfaces. Reprinted from [31], Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 3

Enhanced MSC accumulation at targeted MLN and colon regions by the VCAM-1-Ab coated MSC delivery. Reprinted from [32], Copyright 2010, with permission from American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy

Fig. 4

(a) The attachment of DNA-coated cells to complementary DNA surfaces. (b) The DNA-modified cells are localized to patterned region. Reprinted with permission from Langmuir [42], Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society

Fig. 5

The reversible azobenzene interaction with ß–cyclodextran (CD)-coated cells is under control of light irradiation. Figure reprinted from Nature communications [48]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For more information see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Fig. 6

(a) Modification of OVA antigens on the erythrocyte surface. (b) OVA-conjugated ERY1 peptides (green) interact with erythrocyte-specific protein glycophorin-A (red) on the erythrocyte membrane. Reproduced with permission from PNAS [55]

Fig. 7

(a) Delivery of PEM-backpack-coated monocytes to inflamed tissue. (b) Backpack design and adhesion. (c) Higher accumulation of modified monocytes in the inflamed mice skin , compared with backpack alone. Reprinted from [59], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 8

The delivery of NeutrAvidin nanoparticle-coated hMSCs to the HEPG2 tumor spheroid. "Reprinted with permission from [70], Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society"

Fig. 9

(a) Cell Surface modification of HeLa cell with silica nanocoating. (b) Protection of HeLa@SiO2 (silica coated) cells versus non-coated HeLa cells to enzymatic trypsin attack. (c) Survival ratio of HeLa@SiO2 cells versus uncoated HeLa cells when exposed to various PAH concentrations. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley and Sons [79]

Fig. 10

(a) Cell selective modification with polymer coating to create protective coating. (b) Survival rate of polymer coated cells versus non-coated Jurkat cells. Reprinted from [86], Copyright 2015, with permission from American Chemical Society (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021%2Facsami.5b06298)

Fig. 11

Common methods of anchoring a coating to the mammalian cell surface

Fig. 12

Impact of capping lysine groups with PEG chains on polycation cytotoxicity and the ability to grow multilayer films. Reprinted with permission from [109], Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society

Fig. 13

Material systems for coatings on mammalian cell surfaces. Adapted with permission from Langmuir [106], Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. Adapted with permission from Biomacromolecules [102], Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. Adapted with permission from Nano Letters [57], Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. Reprinted from [118], Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 14

The design of bone-targeted polymer chain attached to the cell surface. One end is for cell attachment and the other end for bone targeting. Reprinted from [118], Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 15

Cell assembly mediated by PEM backpack attachment on macrophage. (a) The design of multilayer PEM backpack. (b) The backpack attachment was through HA-CD44 interaction on CD44-present macrophage. CHI = chitosan; HA= hyaluronic acid ; MNP= magnetic nanoparticles; PAH= ; PLGA = poly(lactide-co-glycolide); PMAA = poly(methacrylic acid); DiO= 3,3′-Dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine Perchlorate; PVPON= poly(vinylpyrrolidone); PAH= poly(allylamine hydrochloride). Reprinted from [56], Copyright 2010, with permission from American Chemical Society (https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021%2Fbm100305h)

Fig. 16

Strategy for enzyme mediated formation of alginate hydrogel films on HRP-labeled cell surfaces. HRP = horseradish peroxidase. Reprinted from [103], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 17

Transport of FITC-dextran in PEGDA-coated Jurkats. The PEGDA hydrogel films prohibit the FITC-dextran larger than 10 kDa. Reprinted with permission from Biomacromolecules [102], Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society