Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019;15(4):834-840.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1564435. Epub 2019 Feb 20.

Impact of SA 14-14-2 vaccination on the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in India

Mayilsamy Muniaraj  1 , Veeramanoharan Rajamannar  1
Affiliations

Impact of SA 14-14-2 vaccination on the occurrence of Japanese encephalitis in India

Mayilsamy Muniaraj et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019.

Abstract

Japanese encephalitis virus is the major cause of encephalitis in India. To control the increasing incidence and fatal outbreaks, SA 14-14-2 vaccine was introduced initially in 104 endemic districts in phased manner from 2006 to 2011. As there is no data available before 2008 on the number of Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases excluding cases of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES), a four year average of the number of JE vs. AES cases reported during 2008- 2011 was calculated and the value was used to determine the percentage of JE cases out of AES cases for the period 1994 to 2007. The analysis of data for the period 1994 to 2017 showed that there was a substantial increase of JE cases after the initiation of vaccination in 2006. Since the JE vaccination was given only in selected districts, comparing the vaccinated district with non vaccinated district would be more appropriate to determine the impact of vaccination. However, the data available on JE is only at the state wide. Hence, Tamil Nadu state where, district-wise JE data is available from 1993 onwards was used as a model state to determine the impact of vaccination. Even though the data for entire Tamil Nadu state showed an increasing trend, the analysis of data for vaccinated districts reveals that, the increase was due to increase of JE cases in non-vaccinated districts. It shows that, there was a reduction in JE case incidences in the vaccinated districts of Tamil Nadu in particular and India as a whole following the introduction of SA 14-14-2 vaccination.

Keywords: Japanese encephalitis; Live attenuated SA 14-14-2 vaccine; impact; incidence; occurrence; vaccination.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
JE cases and deaths in India with case fatality rate and trendlines.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
JE cases and deaths per million populations in India.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
JE cases and deaths and their polynominal trendline in Tamil Nadu.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
JE cases and deaths and their polynominal trendline in non-vaccinated districts of Tamil Nadu.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
JE cases and deaths and their polynominal trendline in vaccinated districts of Tamil Nadu.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Occurrence of JE cases before and after SA 14-14-2 vaccination in Tamil Nadu, India. A. Before vaccination; B. After vaccination. Note the density of cases (violet) before and after vaccination in the first and second map respectively and declining of cases in all the vaccinated districts. In contrast, the density of cases (green) is increasing in many non vaccinated districts after the period of vaccination and in many districts new cases appeared and increasing.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Kumar R, Tripathi P, Rizvi A.. Effectiveness of one dose of SA 14-14-2 vaccine against Japanese encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1465–66. PMID: 19339732. doi:10.1056/nejm2009.360.1465. - DOI - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization Japanese encephalitis. WHO Fact sheet; 2018 [accessed 2018] http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs386/en.
    1. Verma R. Japanese encephalitis vaccine: need of the hour in endemic states of India. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012. April;8(4):491–93. Epub 2012 Feb 28. PMID: 22370517. doi:10.4161/hv.18925. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Halstead SB, Jacobson J.. Japanese encephalitis vaccines 311-352. In: Plotkins SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA editors. Vaccines 5th Ed. W.B. Saunders Elsevier Co, China; 2008
    1. Fischer M, Lindsey N, Staples JE, Hills S. Japanese encephalitis vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010. March 12;59(RR–1):1–27. PMID: 20224546. - PubMed

MeSH terms