Exposure to a sex-specific stressor mitigates sex differences in stress-induced eating

Abstract

Literature suggests that stress-induced consumption of highly palatable food is a behavior pertaining almost exclusively to women. Given the overall association between stress levels and obesity in the United States transcends sex, it seems likely that males also engage in stress-induced consumption of highly palatable food in certain contexts. In the current study, 168 males and females (54.2% female) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: achievement stress, social rejection stress, and a control condition. Stress was measured with cortisol and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity. Post stressor food consumption was measured by weighing several categories of food (highly palatable (sweet, salty), nutritious sweet, nutritious non-sweet, and bland) before and after the participant was introduced to the food items. Males demonstrated greater parasympathetic withdrawal and cortisol reactivity in the achievement condition than females; whereas females demonstrated greater parasympathetic withdrawal and cortisol reactivity in the social rejection condition than males. There were no significant differences in parasympathetic withdrawal between males and females in the control condition. Post-stressor highly palatable food consumption followed this trend. While there was no main effect for sex on the amount of post-stressor highly palatable food consumed, there was a significant main effect for condition and an interaction effect for sex and condition on the amount of post-stressor highly palatable food consumed. Our results challenge the prevailing notion that stress-induced eating of hyper palatable food is mainly found among women by finding that males also engage in such behavior if their experience leads to an adequate stress response.

Keywords: Cortisol; Eating; Highly palatable food consumption; RSA; Stress.