Childhood Affective Indicators of Risk for Adulthood Psychopathology: The New York High-Risk Project Findings

Abstract

There are relatively few investigations of the emotion expressivity of children at risk for the later development of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Using data from the New York High-Risk Project, we compared children's emotional expressivity during a semi-structured videotaped interview. Data were coded for 173 child subjects: 61 with schizophrenic parents (HRSz); 54 with affectively ill parents (HRAff); and 58 with psychiatrically "normal" parents (NC). A child's affective responses were rated for the presence of discrete positive, negative, or neutral emotions by coders naive to group membership. Responses were also rated for anxiety, flat affect, inappropriate affect, and emotional withdrawal/disengagement. Compared with the two other two groups, HRSz children displayed significantly more negative affect in response to questions regarding their most negative experiences and, when questioned about their self-concept, they displayed significantly less positive affect. Both HRSz and HRAff children showed more inappropriate affect than NC children. Significantly more HRSz children were rated as demonstrating a lack of emotional engagement. Children making inappropriate displays of positive affect while discussing a negative topic were most likely to manifest a psychiatric disorder as an adult. These findings suggest that inappropriate affect may be a nonspecific indicator of risk for psychopathology. Emotional withdrawal in childhood may be a potential indicator of risk for schizophrenia.

Keywords: affect; emotional expressivity; genetic high-risk; schizophrenia.

Fig. 1

Positive and negative affect were initially rated separately, on a scale of 1 (mild) to 3 (strong) for each, with the positive or negative sign denoting the valence. The coding ratings were subsequently placed on a singular scale to facilitate comparisons across questions. As can be seen, 1 was strongly negative, 4 was neutral, and 7 was strongly positive.

Fig. 2

The percentage of participants who displayed inappropriate affect during the MHAF when interviewed during mid-childhood who later had a psychiatric outcome as determined by a structured clinical interview in adulthood.