A tactical comparison of the 4-2-3-1 and 3-5-2 formation in soccer: A theory-oriented, experimental approach based on positional data in an 11 vs. 11 game set-up

Abstract

The presented field experiment in an 11 vs. 11 soccer game set-up is the first to examine the impact of different formations (e.g. 4-2-3-1 vs. 3-5-2) on tactical key performance indicators (KPIs) using positional data in a controlled experiment. The data were gathered using player tracking systems (1 Hz) in a standardized 11 vs. 11 soccer game. The KPIs were measured using dynamical positioning variables like Effective Playing Space, Player Length per Width ratio, Team Separateness, Space Control Gain, and Pressure Passing Efficiency. Within the experimental positional data analysis paradigm, neither of the team formations showed differences in Effective Playing Space, Team Separateness, or Space Control Gain. However, as a theory-based approach predicted, a 3-5-2 formation for the Player Length per Width ratio and Pressure Passing Efficiency exceeded the 4-2-3-1 formation. Practice task designs which manipulate team formations therefore significantly influence the emergent behavioral dynamics and need to be considered when planning and monitoring performance. Accordingly, an experimental positional data analysis paradigm is a useful approach to enable the development and validation of theory-oriented models in the area of performance analysis in sports games.

Fig 1. Schematic representation of the soccer pitch and experimental setup before trial initiation (1 –Transponder, 2 –Mobile Action Cam, 3 –Stationary Cams).

Fig 2

Schematic of three performance indicators: Effective Playing Space (EPS) which is the convex hull of the players (A), Player Length per Width (PLpW) ($\frac{B}{C}$), determined as the ratio of team length B to team width C, and Team Separateness as the average distance between the attackers and their respective closest defender (D).

Fig 3. Pressure Passing Efficiency Index, Blue: Attackers, Red: Defenders.

d₁ = distance between ball carrier and closest defender, d₂ = distance between receiving player and closest defender.