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Meta-Analysis
. 2019 Jan 31;1(1):CD012424.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2.

Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Catherine Sherrington  1 , Nicola J Fairhall, Geraldine K Wallbank, Anne Tiedemann, Zoe A Michaleff, Kirsten Howard, Lindy Clemson, Sally Hopewell, Sarah E Lamb
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Catherine Sherrington et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: At least one-third of community-dwelling people over 65 years of age fall each year. Exercises that target balance, gait and muscle strength have been found to prevent falls in these people. An up-to-date synthesis of the evidence is important given the major long-term consequences associated with falls and fall-related injuries OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of exercise interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases and two trial registers up to 2 May 2018, together with reference checking and contact with study authors to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of any form of exercise as a single intervention on falls in people aged 60+ years living in the community. We excluded trials focused on particular conditions, such as stroke.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcome was rate of falls.

Main results: We included 108 RCTs with 23,407 participants living in the community in 25 countries. There were nine cluster-RCTs. On average, participants were 76 years old and 77% were women. Most trials had unclear or high risk of bias for one or more items. Results from four trials focusing on people who had been recently discharged from hospital and from comparisons of different exercises are not described here.Exercise (all types) versus control Eighty-one trials (19,684 participants) compared exercise (all types) with control intervention (one not thought to reduce falls). Exercise reduces the rate of falls by 23% (rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to 0.83; 12,981 participants, 59 studies; high-certainty evidence). Based on an illustrative risk of 850 falls in 1000 people followed over one year (data based on control group risk data from the 59 studies), this equates to 195 (95% CI 144 to 246) fewer falls in the exercise group. Exercise also reduces the number of people experiencing one or more falls by 15% (risk ratio (RR) 0.85, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.89; 13,518 participants, 63 studies; high-certainty evidence). Based on an illustrative risk of 480 fallers in 1000 people followed over one year (data based on control group risk data from the 63 studies), this equates to 72 (95% CI 52 to 91) fewer fallers in the exercise group. Subgroup analyses showed no evidence of a difference in effect on both falls outcomes according to whether trials selected participants at increased risk of falling or not.The findings for other outcomes are less certain, reflecting in part the relatively low number of studies and participants. Exercise may reduce the number of people experiencing one or more fall-related fractures (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.95; 4047 participants, 10 studies; low-certainty evidence) and the number of people experiencing one or more falls requiring medical attention (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.79; 1019 participants, 5 studies; low-certainty evidence). The effect of exercise on the number of people who experience one or more falls requiring hospital admission is unclear (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.18; 1705 participants, 2 studies, very low-certainty evidence). Exercise may make little important difference to health-related quality of life: conversion of the pooled result (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.03, 95% CI -0.10 to 0.04; 3172 participants, 15 studies; low-certainty evidence) to the EQ-5D and SF-36 scores showed the respective 95% CIs were much smaller than minimally important differences for both scales.Adverse events were reported to some degree in 27 trials (6019 participants) but were monitored closely in both exercise and control groups in only one trial. Fourteen trials reported no adverse events. Aside from two serious adverse events (one pelvic stress fracture and one inguinal hernia surgery) reported in one trial, the remainder were non-serious adverse events, primarily of a musculoskeletal nature. There was a median of three events (range 1 to 26) in the exercise groups.Different exercise types versus controlDifferent forms of exercise had different impacts on falls (test for subgroup differences, rate of falls: P = 0.004, I² = 71%). Compared with control, balance and functional exercises reduce the rate of falls by 24% (RaR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.81; 7920 participants, 39 studies; high-certainty evidence) and the number of people experiencing one or more falls by 13% (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.91; 8288 participants, 37 studies; high-certainty evidence). Multiple types of exercise (most commonly balance and functional exercises plus resistance exercises) probably reduce the rate of falls by 34% (RaR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.88; 1374 participants, 11 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) and the number of people experiencing one or more falls by 22% (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.96; 1623 participants, 17 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). Tai Chi may reduce the rate of falls by 19% (RaR 0.81, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.99; 2655 participants, 7 studies; low-certainty evidence) as well as reducing the number of people who experience falls by 20% (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.91; 2677 participants, 8 studies; high-certainty evidence). We are uncertain of the effects of programmes that are primarily resistance training, or dance or walking programmes on the rate of falls and the number of people who experience falls. No trials compared flexibility or endurance exercise versus control.

Authors' conclusions: Exercise programmes reduce the rate of falls and the number of people experiencing falls in older people living in the community (high-certainty evidence). The effects of such exercise programmes are uncertain for other non-falls outcomes. Where reported, adverse events were predominantly non-serious.Exercise programmes that reduce falls primarily involve balance and functional exercises, while programmes that probably reduce falls include multiple exercise categories (typically balance and functional exercises plus resistance exercises). Tai Chi may also prevent falls but we are uncertain of the effect of resistance exercise (without balance and functional exercises), dance, or walking on the rate of falls.

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Conflict of interest statement

Several authors (CS, AT, SH, KH and SL) are currently running trials of fall prevention interventions; including the following ongoing trials in this review (ACTRN 12615000138583; ACTRN 12615000865516; ISRCTN71002650). These trials are all funded by national grant agencies.

No review author was involved in study selection or processing of any trials in which they were or are involved.

CS is an author of several trials considered in this review, including four included trials (Merom 2016; Sherrington 2014; Vogler 2009; Voukelatos 2015). NF has no known conflicts of interest. GW has no known conflicts of interest. AT has no known conflicts of interest. ZM has no known conflicts of interest. KH is an author of several trials considered in this review, including one included trial (Sherrington 2014). LC is an author of several trials considered in this review, including two included trials (Clemson 2010; Clemson 2012). SH has no known conflicts of interest. SL is lead author of the ProFaNE consensus for falls guidance and is an author of one of the trials considered in this review.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), outcome: 1.1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), outcome: 2.1 Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 3 Exercise versus control (number of people with fractures), outcome: 3.1 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures‐ overall analysis.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 6 Exercise versus control (health‐related quality of life), outcome: 6.1 Health‐related quality of life‐ overall analysis.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), outcome: 1.6 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
9
9
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), outcome: 2.6 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 2 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by baseline falls risk.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 3 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by age (threshold 75 years).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 4 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by personnel.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 5 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by group or individual exercise.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 6 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Exercise versus control (rate of falls), Outcome 7 Rate of falls ‐ long‐term follow‐up by exercise type.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 1 Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 2 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 3 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by age (threshold 75 years).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 4 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by personnel.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 5 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by group or individual exercise.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 6 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Exercise versus control (number of fallers), Outcome 7 Number of fallers ‐ long‐term follow‐up by exercise type.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Exercise versus control (number of people with fractures), Outcome 1 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures‐ overall analysis.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Exercise versus control (number of people with fractures), Outcome 2 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures ‐ subgrouped by baseline falls risk.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Exercise versus control (number of people with fractures), Outcome 3 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures ‐ subgrouped by age (threshold 75 years).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Exercise versus control (number of people with fractures), Outcome 4 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Exercise versus control (number of people with fractures), Outcome 5 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures ‐ long‐term follow‐up by exercise type.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Exercise versus control (number of people with falls that resulted in hospital admission), Outcome 1 Number of people who experienced one or more falls that resulted in hospital admission ‐ overall analysis.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Exercise versus control (number of people with falls that required medical attention), Outcome 1 Number of people who experienced one or more falls that required medical attention‐ overall analysis.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Exercise versus control (number of people with falls that required medical attention), Outcome 2 Number of people who experienced one or more falls that required medical attention ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Exercise versus control (number of people with falls that required medical attention), Outcome 3 Number of people who experienced one or more falls that required medical attention ‐ long‐term follow‐up pooled.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Exercise versus control (health‐related quality of life), Outcome 1 Health‐related quality of life‐ overall analysis.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Exercise versus control (health‐related quality of life), Outcome 2 Health‐related quality of life ‐ subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Exercise versus control (number of people who died), Outcome 1 Number of people who died‐ overall analysis.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Exercise versus control (number of people who died), Outcome 2 Number of people who died ‐ subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Balance and functional exercises versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 1 Rate of falls, subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Balance and functional exercises versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 2 Number of fallers, subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Balance and functional exercises versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 3 Rate of falls, subgrouped by personnel.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Balance and functional exercises versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 4 Number of fallers, subgrouped by personnel.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Balance and functional exercises versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 5 Rate of falls, subgrouped by group or individual exercise.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Balance and functional exercises versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 6 Number of fallers, subgrouped by group or individual exercise.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Multiple categories of exercise versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 1 Rate of falls, subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Multiple categories of exercise versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 2 Number of fallers, subgrouped by baseline fall risk.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Multiple categories of exercise versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 3 Rate of falls, subgrouped by personnel.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Multiple categories of exercise versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 4 Number of fallers, subgrouped by personnel.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Multiple categories of exercise versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 5 Rate of falls, subgrouped by group or individual exercise.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Multiple categories of exercise versus control: subgroup analyses, Outcome 6 Number of fallers, subgrouped by group or individual exercise.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Exercise versus control (by exercise type, in people after hospital stays), Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Exercise versus control (by exercise type, in people after hospital stays), Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Exercise versus control (by exercise type, in people after hospital stays), Outcome 3 Health‐related quality of life.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Exercise versus control (by exercise type, in people after hospital stays), Outcome 4 Number of people who died.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 1 Rate of falls, different types of exercise compared.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 2 Rate of falls >18 months, different types of exercise compared.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 3 Number of fallers, different types of exercise compared.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 4 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures, different types of exercise compared.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 5 Number of people who experienced one or more falls that required medical attention, different types of exercise compared.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 6 Quality of life, different types of exercise compared.
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 7 Number of people who died, different types of exercise compared.
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 8 Rate of falls, group vs individual exercise delivery within the same type of exercise.
11.9
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 9 Number of fallers, group vs individual exercise delivery within the same type of exercise.
11.10
11.10. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 10 Number of people who experienced one or more falls requiring hospital admission, group vs individual exercise delivery within the same type of exercise.
11.11
11.11. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 11 Health‐related quality of life, group vs individual exercise delivery within the same type of exercise.
11.12
11.12. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 12 Number of people who died, group vs individual exercise delivery within the same type of exercise.
11.13
11.13. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 13 Rate of falls, higher vs lower dose within the same type of exercise.
11.14
11.14. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 14 Number of fallers, higher vs lower dose within the same type of exercise.
11.15
11.15. Analysis
Comparison 11 Exercise versus exercise, Outcome 15 Number of people who died, higher vs lower dose within the same type of exercise.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 1 Rate of falls: pooled data.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 2 Rate of falls: grouped by exercise type.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 3 Number of fallers: pooled data.
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 4 Number of fallers: grouped by exercise type.
12.5
12.5. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 5 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures: pooled data.
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 6 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures: by exercise type.
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 7 Number of people who experienced one or more falls requiring medical attention: pooled data.
12.8
12.8. Analysis
Comparison 12 Sensitivity analysis 1: exercise versus control excluding studies that included people < 65 years, Outcome 8 Number of people who experienced one or more falls requiring medical attention ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Sensitivity analysis 2: exercise versus control excluding studies at a high risk of bias, Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Sensitivity analysis 2: exercise versus control excluding studies at a high risk of bias, Outcome 2 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
13.3
13.3. Analysis
Comparison 13 Sensitivity analysis 2: exercise versus control excluding studies at a high risk of bias, Outcome 3 Number of fallers ‐ overall analysis.
13.4
13.4. Analysis
Comparison 13 Sensitivity analysis 2: exercise versus control excluding studies at a high risk of bias, Outcome 4 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by exercise type.
13.5
13.5. Analysis
Comparison 13 Sensitivity analysis 2: exercise versus control excluding studies at a high risk of bias, Outcome 5 Number of people who experienced one or more fall‐related fractures ‐ overall analysis.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Sensitivity analysis 3: exercise versus control excluding studies with unclear or high risk of bias due to allocation concealment (rate of falls), Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 Sensitivity analysis 4: exercise versus control excluding studies with unclear or high risk of bias due to assessor blinding (rate of falls), Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Sensitivity analysis 5: exercise versus control excluding studies with unclear or high risk of bias due to incomplete outcome data (rate of falls), Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 Sensitivity analysis 6: exercise versus control excluding cluster trials (rate of falls), Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Sensitivity analysis 7: exercise versus control with fixed‐effect meta‐analysis (rate of falls), Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ overall analysis.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Sensitivity analysis 8: multiple categories of exercise versus control excluding trials that do not include balance and strength training, Outcome 1 Rate of falls.
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Sensitivity analysis 8: multiple categories of exercise versus control excluding trials that do not include balance and strength training, Outcome 2 Number of fallers.
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 Sensitivity analysis 9: different exercise type coding, Outcome 1 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by exercise type (OEP as multiple intervention).
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20 Sensitivity analysis 9: different exercise type coding, Outcome 2 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by exercise type (OEP as multiple intervention).
20.3
20.3. Analysis
Comparison 20 Sensitivity analysis 9: different exercise type coding, Outcome 3 Rate of falls ‐ subgrouped by exercise type (any balance+strength as multiple intervention).
20.4
20.4. Analysis
Comparison 20 Sensitivity analysis 9: different exercise type coding, Outcome 4 Number of fallers ‐ subgrouped by exercise type (any balance+strength as multiple intervention).
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Dadgari 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dadgari A. Fall outcomes [personal communication]. Email to: N Fairhall. 29 August 2017.
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    1. Dadgari A. Number of study participants per health centre [personal communication]. Email to: C Sherrington. 1 January 2018.
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Dangour 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Dangour AD, Albala C, Aedo C, Elbourne D, Grundy E, Walker D, et al. A factorial‐design cluster randomised controlled trial investigating the cost‐effectiveness of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme on pneumonia incidence, walking capacity and body mass index in older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study protocol. Nutrition Journal 2007;6:14. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Walker DG, Aedo C, Albala C, Allen E, Dangour AD, Elbourne D, et al. Methods for economic evaluation of a factorial‐design cluster randomised controlled trial of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme among healthy older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:85. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Davis JC, Marra CA, Beattie BL, Robertson MC, Najafzadeh M, Graf P, et al. Sustained cognitive and economic benefits of resistance training among community‐dwelling senior women: a 1‐year follow‐up study of the Brain Power study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(22):2036‐8. - PMC - PubMed
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Day 2002 {published data only}
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Duque 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Duque G, Boersma D, Loza‐Diaz G, Hassan S, Suarez H, Geisinger D, et al. Effects of balance training using a virtual‐reality system in older fallers. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2013;8:257‐63. - PMC - PubMed
Ebrahim 1997 {published data only}
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El‐Khoury 2015 {published data only}
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Fiatarone 1997 {published data only}
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Freiberger 2007 {published data only}
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Grahn Kronhed 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Gschwind 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Gschwind YJ, Eichberg S, Ejupi A, Rosario H, Kroll M, Marston HR, et al. ICT‐based system to predict and prevent falls (iStoppFalls): results from an international multicenter randomized controlled trial. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity 2015;12:10. - PMC - PubMed
Haines 2009 {published data only}
    1. Haines TP, Russell T, Brauer SG, Erwin S, Lane P, Urry S, et al. Effectiveness of a video‐based exercise programme to reduce falls and improve health‐related quality of life among older adults discharged from hospital: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009;23(11):973‐85. - PubMed
Halvarsson 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Halvarsson A, Franzén E, Farén E, Olsson E, Oddsson L, Ståhle A. Long‐term effects of new progressive group balance training for elderly people with increased risk of falling ‐ a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2013;27(5):450‐8. - PubMed
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Halvarsson 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Hamrick 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hamrick I. Sample size, instructor:participant ratio and faller outcome data [personal communication]. Email to: N Fairhall. 14 December 2017, 19 May 2018.
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Hauer 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hauer K. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012.
    1. Hauer K, Pfisterer M, Schuler M, Bartsch P, Oster P. Two years later: a prospective long‐term follow‐up of a training intervention in geriatric patients with a history of severe falls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(10):1426‐32. - PubMed
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Helbostad 2004 {published data only}
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Hirase 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hirase T, Inokuchi S, Matsusaka N, Okita M. Effects of a balance training program using a foam rubber pad in community‐based older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2015;38(2):62‐70. - PubMed
Huang 2010 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Hwang 2016 {published data only}
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Iliffe 2015 {published data only}
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Irez 2011 {published data only}
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Iwamoto 2009 {published data only}
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Kamide 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kamide N, Shiba Y, Shibata H. Effects on balance, falls, and bone mineral density of a home‐based exercise program without home visits in community‐dwelling elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 2009;28(3):115‐22. - PubMed
Karinkanta 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi‐Rasi K, Pasanen M, Ojala K, et al. A multi‐component exercise regimen to prevent functional decline and bone fragility in home‐dwelling elderly women: randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(4):453‐62. - PubMed
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Kemmler 2010 {published data only}
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Kerse 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ACTRN12605000475640. Late life intervention to improve function in elderly patients with depression. www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?ID=736 (first received 23 September 2005).
    1. Kerse N. Fall outcome data [personal communication]. Email to: C West Vol. 18 June 2018.
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Kim 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Kim H, Yoshida H, Suzuki T. Falls and fractures in participants and excluded non‐participants of a fall prevention exercise program for elderly women with a history of falls: 1‐year follow‐up study. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 2014;14(2):285‐92. - PubMed
Korpelainen 2006 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Korpelainen R, Keinanen‐Kiukaanniemi S, Heikkinen J, Vaananen K, Korpelainen J. Effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures in elderly women with low BMD: a population‐based randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006;21(5):772‐9. - PubMed
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Kovacs 2013 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kovacs E. Fall outcome data [personal communication]. Email to: C West 18 June 2018.
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Kwok 2016 {published data only}
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Kyrdalen 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Kyrdalen IL, Moen K, Rõysland AS, Helbostad JL. The Otago Exercise Program performed as group training versus home training in fall‐prone older people: a randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy Research International 2014;19(2):108‐16. - PubMed
LaStayo 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Latham 2003 {published data only}
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Lehtola 2000 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lehtola S, Hanninen L, Paatalo M. The incidence of falls during a six‐month exercise trial and four‐month followup among home dwelling persons aged 70‐75 years [Kaatumistapaturmien ilmaantuvuus 70‐75‐vuotiailla oululaisilla liikuntaintervention ja sen jälkeisen seurannan aikana]. Liikuntatiede 2000;6:41‐6.
Li 2005 {published data only}
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Lin 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Lin MR, Wolf SL, Hwang HF, Gong SY, Chen CY. A randomized, controlled trial of fall prevention programs and quality of life in older fallers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(4):499‐506. - PubMed
Liston 2014 {published data only}
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Liu‐Ambrose 2004 {published data only}
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Liu‐Ambrose 2008 {published data only}
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Logghe 2009 {published data only}
    1. Logghe IH, Verhagen AP, Rademaker AC, Zeeuwe PE, Bierma‐Zeinstra SM, Rossum E, et al. Explaining the ineffectiveness of a Tai Chi fall prevention training for community‐living older people: A process evaluation alongside a randomized clinical trial (RCT). Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2011;52(3):357‐62. - PubMed
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Lord 1995 {published data only}
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Lord 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lord S. Number of fallers outcome data [personal communication]. Email to: C West Vol. 18 June 2018.
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Lurie 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Luukinen 2007 {published data only}
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Madureira 2007 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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McMurdo 1997 {published data only}
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Merom 2016 {published data only}
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Miko 2017 {published data only}
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Mirelman 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Mirelman A, Rochester L, Maidan I, Del D, Alcock L, Nieuwhof F, et al. Addition of a non‐immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V‐TIME): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016;388(10050):1170‐82. - PubMed
Morgan 2004 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. DeVito CA, Morgan RO, Duque M, Abdel‐Moty E, Virnig BA. Physical performance effects of low‐intensity exercise among clinically defined high‐risk elders. Gerontology 2003;49(3):146‐54. - PubMed
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Morone 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Morone G, Paolucci T, Luziatelli S, Iosa M, Piermattei C, Zangrando F, et al. Wii Fit is effective in women with bone loss condition associated with balance disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2016;28(6):1187‐93. - PubMed
Morrison 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Morrison S. Fall outcome data, randomisation and intervention details [personal communication]. Email to: N Fairhall. 15 June 2018.
    1. Morrison S, Simmons R, Colberg SR, Parson HK, Vinik I. Supervised balance training and Wii Fit‐based exercises lower falls risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2018;19(2):185.e7‐185.e13. - PubMed
Ng 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Niti M, Tan BY, et al. Nutritional, physical, cognitive, and combination interventions and frailty reversal among older adults: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Medicine 2015;128(11):1225‐36 e1. - PubMed
Nitz 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nitz JC. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012.
    1. Nitz JC, Choy NL. The efficacy of a specific balance‐strategy training programme for preventing falls among older people: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Age and Aging 2004;33(1):52‐8. - PubMed
Okubo 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Okubo Y, Osuka Y, Jung S, Rafael F, Tsujimoto T, Aiba T, et al. Walking can be more effective than balance training in fall prevention among community‐dwelling older adults. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 2016;16(1):118‐25. - PubMed
Park 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Park H, Kim KJ, Komatsu T, Park SK, Mutoh Y. Effect of combined exercise training on bone, body balance, and gait ability: a randomized controlled study in community‐dwelling elderly women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2008; Vol. 26, issue 3:254‐9. - PubMed
Reinsch 1992 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. El‐Faizy M, Reinsch S. Home safety intervention for the prevention of falls. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics 1994;12(3):33‐49.
    1. MacRae PG, Feltner ME, Reinsch S. A 1‐year exercise program for older women: effects on falls, injuries, and physical performance. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 1994;2:127‐42.
    1. Reinsch S, MacRae P, Lachenbruch PA, Tobis JS. Attempts to prevent falls and injury: a prospective community study. Gerontologist 1992;32(4):450‐6. - PubMed
    1. Tobis J, Reinsch S, McRae P, Lachenbruch T. Experimental intervention at senior centres for the prevention of falls. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990;38(8):A28.
Resnick 2002 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Resnick B. Testing the effect of the WALC intervention on exercise adherence in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2002;28(6):40‐9. - PubMed
Robertson 2001a {published data only}
    1. Gardner MM, Buchner DM, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ. Practical implementation of an exercise‐based falls prevention programme. Age and Ageing 2001;30(1):77‐83. - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC. Development of a falls prevention programme for elderly people: evaluation of efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency [thesis]. Dunedin (NZ): University of Otago, 2001.
    1. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta‐analysis of individual‐level data. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(5):905‐11. - PubMed
    1. Robertson MC, Devlin N, Gardner MM, Campbell AJ. Effectiveness and economic evaluation of a nurse delivered home exercise programme to prevent falls. 1: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001;322(7288):697‐701. - PMC - PubMed
Rubenstein 2000 {published data only}
    1. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR, Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, et al. Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall‐prone elderly men. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2000;55(6):M317‐21. - PubMed
Sakamoto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sakamoto K, Endo N, Harada A, Sakada T, Tsushita K, Kita K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of balance therapy to prevent falls and fractures for elderly people who can stand on one leg for ≤15 s. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2013;18(1):110‐20. - PubMed
Sales 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sales M. Fall outcome data [personal communication]. Email to: N Fairhall. 23 May 2018.
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Sherrington 2014 {published data only}
    1. Sherrington C, Lord SR, Vogler CM, Close JC, Howard K, Dean CM, et al. A post‐hospital home exercise program improved mobility but increased falls in older people: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2014;9(9):e104412. - PMC - PubMed
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Shigematsu 2008 {published data only}
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Siegrist 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Siegrist M. Fall and injury data [personal communication]. Email to: N Fairhall. 2 February 2018.
    1. Siegrist M, Freiberger E, Geilhof B, Salb J, Hentschke C, Landendoerfer P, et al. Fall prevention in a primary care setting. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 2016;113(21):365‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Skelton 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Skelton D. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012 February 1 2005.
    1. Skelton D, Dinan S, Campbell M, Rutherford O. Tailored group exercise (Falls Management Exercise ‐‐ FaME) reduces falls in community‐dwelling older frequent fallers (an RCT). Age and Ageing 2005;34(6):636‐9. - PubMed
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    1. Skelton DA, Stranzinger K, Dinan S, Rutherford OM. BMD improvements following FaME (Falls Management Exercise) in frequently falling women age 65 and over: an RCT. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2008;16 Suppl:S89‐90.
Smulders 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT00432692. Falls prevention in osteoporosis. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00432692 (first received 8 February 2007).
    1. Smulders E, Weerdesteyn V, Duysens J, Laan R, Lankveld W. Falls prevention in persons with osteoporosis: A randomized clinical trial. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009;10:1883.
    1. Smulders E, Weerdesteyn V, Groen BE, Duysens J, Eijsbouts A, Laan R, et al. Efficacy of a short multidisciplinary falls prevention program for elderly persons with osteoporosis and a fall history: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;91(11):1705‐11. - PubMed
Steadman 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kalra L. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012 27 March 2006.
    1. Steadman J, Donaldson N, Kalra L. A randomized controlled trial of an enhanced balance training program to improve mobility and reduce falls in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(6):847‐52. - PubMed
Suzuki 2004 {published data only}
    1. Suzuki T, Kim H, Yoshida H, Ishizaki T. Randomized controlled trial of exercise intervention for the prevention of falls in community‐dwelling elderly Japanese women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2004;22(6):602‐11. - PubMed
Taylor 2012 {published data only}
    1. Taylor D, Hale L, Schluter P, Waters DL, Binns EE, McCracken H, et al. Effectiveness of tai chi as a community‐based falls prevention intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60(5):841‐8. - PubMed
Trombetti 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT01107288. Effects of a music‐based multitask exercises program on gait, balance and fall risk in the elderly. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01107288 (first received 20 April 2010).
    1. Trombetti A, Hars M, Herrmann F, Kressig R, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. "Jaques‐Dalcroze eurhythmics" improves gait and prevents falls in the elderly [Prevention des chutes par une methode d'exercice en musique (rythmique Jaques‐Dalcroze)]. Revue Medicale Suisse 2011;7(299):1305‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Trombetti A, Hars M, Herrmann FR, Kressig RW, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. Effect of music‐based multitask training on gait, balance, and fall risk in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(6):525‐33. - PubMed
Uusi‐Rasi 2015 {published data only}
    1. Patil R, Kolu P, Raitanen J, Valvanne J, Kannus P, Karinkanta S, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation and exercise in preventing injurious falls among older home‐dwelling women: findings from an RCT. Osteoporosis International 2016;27(1):193‐201. - PubMed
    1. Uusi‐Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, Kannus P, Tokola K, Lamberg‐Allardt C, et al. A 2‐year follow‐up after a 2‐year RCT with vitamin D and exercise: effects on falls, injurious falls and physical functioning among older women. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2017;72(9):1239‐45. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Uusi‐Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, Kannus P, Tokola K, Lamberg‐Allardt C, et al. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2015;175(5):703‐11. - PubMed
Verrusio 2017 {published data only}
    1. Verrusio W, Gianturco V, Cacciafesta M, Marigliano V, Troisi G, Ripani M. Fall prevention in the young old using an exoskeleton human body posturizer: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2017;29(2):207‐14. - PubMed
Vogler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Vogler CM, Sherrington C, Ogle SJ, Lord SR. Reducing risk of falling in older people discharged from hospital: a randomized controlled trial comparing seated exercises, weight‐bearing exercises, and social visits. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;90(8):1317‐24. - PubMed
Voukelatos 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Haas M. Economic analysis of tai chi as a means of preventing falls and related injuries among older adults. CHERE working paper 2006/4. Sydney, Australia: Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology. https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/wp2006_3.pdf (accessed 24 January 2019).
    1. Rissel C, Voukelatos A, Cumming B, Lord S. Central Sydney Tai Chi Trial. Canberra: Australian Resource Centre for Health Care Innovations, 2005.
    1. Voukelatos A. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012 25 July 2003.
    1. Voukelatos A, Cumming RG, Lord SR, Rissel C. A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the prevention of falls: the Central Sydney tai chi trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(8):1185‐91. - PubMed
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Voukelatos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Voukelatos A, Merom D, Sherrington C, Rissel C, Cumming RG, Lord SR. The impact of a home‐based walking programme on falls in older people: the Easy Steps randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2015;44(3):377‐83. - PubMed
Weerdesteyn 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Weerdesteyn V. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012 06 September 2006.
    1. Weerdesteyn V, Rijken H, Geurts AC, Smits‐Engelsman BC, Mulder T, Duysens J. A five‐week exercise program can reduce falls and improve obstacle avoidance in the elderly. Gerontology 2006;52(3):131‐41. - PubMed
Wolf 1996 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Kutner NG, Barnhart H, Wolf SL, McNeely E, Xu T. Self‐report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1997;52(5):P242‐6. - PubMed
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    1. O'Grady M, Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner N, McNeely E. Tai Chi effect on falls in frail older adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997; Vol. 78:1028. [CN‐00716674]
    1. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Ellison GL, Coogler CE. The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies on Intervention Techniques. Physical Therapy 1997;77(4):371‐81; discussion 382‐4. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Barnhart HX, Kutner NG, McNeely E, Coogler C, Xu T. Reducing frailty and falls in older persons: an investigation of Tai Chi and computerized balance training. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1996;44(5):489‐97. - PubMed
Wolf 2003 {published data only}
    1. Greenspan AI, Wolf SL, Kelley ME, O'Grady M. Tai chi and perceived health status in older adults who are transitionally frail: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2007;87(5):525‐35. - PubMed
    1. Sattin RW, Easley KA, Wolf SL, Chen Y, Kutner MH. Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(7):1168‐78. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, O'Grady M, Easley KA, Guo Y, Kressig RW, Kutner M. The influence of intense Tai Chi training on physical performance and hemodynamic outcomes in transitionally frail, older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2006;61(2):184‐9. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, Kutner M, O'Grady M, Greenspan AI, Gregor RJ. Intense tai chi exercise training and fall occurrences in older, transitionally frail adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(12):1693‐701. - PubMed
    1. Wolf SL, Sattin RW, O'Grady M, Freret N, Ricci L, Greenspan A I, et al. A study design to investigate the effect of intense Tai Chi in reducing falls among older adults transitioning to frailty. Controlled Clinical Trials 2001;22(6):689‐704. - PubMed
Woo 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Woo J. [Personal communication]. Personal communication reported by Gillespie 2012 May 6 2008.
    1. Woo J, Hong A, Lau E, Lynn H. A randomised controlled trial of Tai Chi and resistance exercise on bone health, muscle strength and balance in community‐living elderly people. Age and Ageing 2007;36(3):262‐8. - PubMed
Wu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wu G, Keyes L, Callas P, Ren X, Bookchin B. Comparison of telecommunication, community, and home‐based Tai Chi exercise programs on compliance and effectiveness in elders at risk for falls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2010;91(6):849‐56. - PubMed
Yamada 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yamada M, Tanaka B, Nagai K, Aoyama T, Ichihashi N. Trail‐walking exercise and fall risk factors in community‐dwelling older adults: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(10):1946‐51. - PubMed
Yamada 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yamada M, Aoyama T, Arai H, Nagai K, Tanaka B, Uemura K, et al. Complex obstacle negotiation exercise can prevent falls in community‐dwelling elderly Japanese aged 75 years and older. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 2012;12(3):461‐7. - PubMed
Yamada 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yamada M, Higuchi T, Nishiguchi S, Yoshimura K, Kajiwara Y, Aoyama T. Multitarget stepping program in combination with a standardized multicomponent exercise program can prevent falls in community‐dwelling older adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2013;61(10):1669‐75. - PubMed
Yang 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Yang XJ, Hill K, Moore K, Williams S, Dowson L, Borschmann K, et al. Effectiveness of a targeted exercise intervention in reversing older people's mild balance dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2012;92(1):24‐37. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alkan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Alkan H, Topuz O, Yildiz, Alkan S, Sarsan A, Ardıç F. Efficacy of home based exercise program and postural biofeedback therapy in reducing risk of falling among osteoporotic women over 65 years of age. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 2011;14(1):26‐34.
Beling 2009 {published data only}
    1. Beling J, Roller M. Multifactorial intervention with balance training as a core component among fall‐prone older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2009;32(3):125‐33. - PubMed
Clemson 2004b {published data only}
    1. Clemson L, Cumming RG, Kendig H, Swann M, Heard R, Taylor K. The effectiveness of a community‐based program for reducing the incidence of falls in the elderly: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(9):1487‐94. - PubMed
DeSure 2013 {published data only}
    1. DeSure AR, Peterson K, Gianan FV, Pang L. An exercise program to prevent falls in institutionalized elderly with cognitive deficits: a crossover pilot study. Hawaii Journal of Medicine and Public Health 2013;72(11):391‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Fahlström 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fahlström G, Kamwendo K, Forsberg J, Bodin L. Fall prevention by nursing assistants among community‐living elderly people. A randomised controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2017 Aug 29 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/scs.12481] - DOI - PubMed
Gianoudis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gianoudis J, Bailey CA, Ebeling PR, Nowson CA, Sanders KM, Hill K, et al. Effects of a targeted multimodal exercise program incorporating high‐speed power training on falls and fracture risk factors in older adults: a community‐based randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014;29(1):182‐91. - PubMed
Hinrichs 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hinrichs T. Outcome data [personal communication]. Email to: N Fairhall. 29 August 2017.
    1. Hinrichs T, Bücker B, Klaaßen‐Mielke R, Brach M, Wilm S, Platen P, et al. Home‐based exercise supported by general practitioner practices: Ineffective in a sample of chronically Ill, mobility‐limited older adults (the HOMEfit randomized controlled trial). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2016;64(11):2270‐9. - PubMed
Hsu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hsu CL, Best JR, Wang S, Voss MW, Hsiung RG, Munkacsy M, et al. The impact of aerobic exercise on fronto‐parietal network connectivity and its relation to mobility: An exploratory analysis of a 6‐month randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2017;11:344. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00344] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Iwamoto 2012 {published data only}
    1. Iwamoto J, Sato Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto H. Whole body vibration exercise improves body balance and walking velocity in postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with alendronate: Galileo and Alendronate Intervention Trail (GAIT). Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions 2012;12(3):136‐43. - PubMed
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee HC, Chang KC, Tsauo JY, Hung JW, Huang YC, Lin SI. Effects of a multifactorial fall prevention program on fall incidence and physical function in community‐dwelling older adults with risk of falls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94(4):606‐15. - PubMed
Leung 2014 {published data only}
    1. Leung KS, Li CY, Tse YK, Choy TK, Leung PC, Hung VW, et al. Effects of 18‐month low‐magnitude high‐frequency vibration on fall rate and fracture risks in 710 community elderly ‐ A cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2014;25(6):1785‐95. - PubMed
Li 2018a {published data only}
    1. Li Z, Wang XX, Liang YY, Chen SY, Sheng J, Ma SJ. Effects of the visual‐feedback‐based force platform training with functional electric stimulation on the balance and prevention of falls in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. PeerJ 2018;6:e4244. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4244] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Morris 2008 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Morris D. An evaluation of yoga for the reduction of fall risk factors in older adults. purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd‐2257 (accessed 7 June 2018).
Ohtake 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ohtake M, Morkiagi Y, Suzuki I, Kanoya Y, Sato C. Effects of exercise on the prevention of conditions leading to the need for long‐term care. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2013;25(1):49–57. - PubMed
Olsen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Olsen CF, Bergland A. The effect of exercise and education on fear of falling in elderly women with osteoporosis and a history of vertebral fracture: results of a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 2014;25(8):2017‐25. - PubMed
Pai 2014 {published data only}
    1. Pai YC, Bhatt T, Yang F, Wang E. Perturbation training can reduce community‐dwelling older adults' annual fall risk: a randomized controlled trial. Journals of Gerontology Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2014;69(12):1586‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Pereira 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kriska AM, Bayles C, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Sandler RB, Pambianco G. A randomized exercise trial in older women: increased activity over two years and the factors associated with compliance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1986;18(5):557‐62. - PubMed
    1. Pereira MA. Ten year follow‐up of a randomized exercise trial in post‐menopausal women [thesis]. Pittsburgh (USA): Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1996. [Proquest Digital Dissertations Publication Number AAT 97 16627]
    1. Pereira MA, Kriska AM, Day RD, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Kuller LH. A randomized walking trial in postmenopausal women: effects on physical activity and health 10 years later. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158(15):1695‐701. - PubMed
Rossi‐Izquierdo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rossi‐Izquierdo M, Gayoso‐Diz P, Santos‐Pérez S, Del‐Río‐Valeiras M, Faraldo‐García A, Vaamonde‐Sanchez‐Andrade I, et al. Short‐term effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation in elderly patients with postural instability: a randomized clinical trial. European Archives of Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology 2017;274(6):2395‐403. - PubMed
Steinberg 2000 {published data only}
    1. Steinberg M, Cartwright C, Peel N, Williams G. A sustainable programme to prevent falls and near falls in community dwelling older people: results of a randomised trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2000;54(3):227‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Swanenburg 2007 {published data only}
    1. Swanenburg J, Bruin ED, Stauffacher M, Mulder T, Uebelhart D. Effects of exercise and nutrition on postural balance and risk of falling in elderly people with decreased bone mineral density: randomized controlled trial pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(6):523‐34. - PubMed
Ueda 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ueda T, Higuchi Y, Imaoka M, Todo E, Kitagawa T, Ando S. Tailored education program using home floor plans for falls prevention in discharged older patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2017;71:9‐13. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Jagdhane 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jagdhane S, Kanekar N, Aruin AS. The effect of a four‐week balance training program on anticipatory postural adjustments in older adults: a pilot feasibility study. Current Aging Science 2016;9(4):295‐300. - PubMed
Li 2018b {published data only}
    1. Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K, Eckstrom E, Akers L, Chu L, et al. Effectiveness of a therapeutic Tai Ji Quan intervention vs a multimodal exercise intervention to prevent falls among older adults at high risk of falling. JAMA Internal Medicine 2018; Vol. 178, issue 10:1301‐10. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaintemmed.2018.3915] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN 12613001161718 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613001161718. Effects of dual‐task functional power training on falls in the elderly? An 18‐month community‐based randomised controlled trial. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=364361 (first received 21 October 2013).
ACTRN 12615000138583 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000138583. Standing Tall ‐ a home‐based exercise program using mobile technology for preventing falls in older people [Evaluating the effect of a home‐based exercise program delivered through mobile technology for preventing falls in older community‐dwelling people over 2 years, compared to a health promotion education ‘control’ program. The 'Standing Tall' randomized control trial]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367746 (first received 13 February 2015).
ACTRN 12615000865516 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12615000865516. Balance Exercise and Strength Training (BEST) program for older people living at home [Lower limb home‐based exercise program compared with upper limb home‐based exercise program to prevent falls and upper limb dysfunction in older community‐dwelling people: a randomised controlled trial]. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367886 (first received 19 August 2015).
CTRI/2018/01/011214 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/01/011214. Role of physiotherapy in prevention of falls and fractures in elder population [Falls & fractures a physiotherapy approach to prediction & prevention in Healthcare]. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=22175 (first received 9 January 2018).
ISRCTN71002650 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN71002650. Prevention of fall injury trial [Prevention of fall injury trial: a parallel group cluster randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation]. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN71002650 (first received 13 April 2010).
NCT01029171 {published data only}
    1. NCT01029171. Action Seniors! Exercise to prevent falls [Action Seniors!: A 12 month randomized controlled trial of a home based strength and balance retraining program in reducing falls]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01029171 (first received 9 December 2009).
NCT02126488 {published data only}
    1. NCT02126488. Effect of adaptive training for balance recovery [Perturbation training for fall‐risk reduction among older adults]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02126488 (first received 30 April 2014).
NCT02287740 {published data only}
    1. NCT02287740. Prevention of falls among older adults in community settings [Comparative effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of a fall prevention intervention: Tai Ji Quan: moving for better balance]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02287740 (first received 11 November 2014).
NCT02617303 {published data only}
    1. NCT02617303. Prevention of falls and its consequences in elderly people [Effectiveness of an intervention through physical exercise for the prevention of falls and its consequences in elderly people (75‐89 years) performed in primary care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02617303 (first received 30 November 2015).
NCT02926105 {published data only}
    1. NCT02926105. Comparison of home‐based exercise programmes for falls prevention and quality of life in older adults [Comparison of the effects of three home‐based exercise programmes regarding falls, quality of life and exercise‐adherence in older adults at risk of falling: protocol for a randomised controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02926105 (first received 6 October 2016).
NCT03211429 {published data only}
    1. NCT03211429. Effectiveness of three interventions to reduce fear of falling and improve functionality in the elderly [Randomized clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of three interventions programs to improve functionality and decrease fear of falling]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03211429 (first received 7 July 2017).
NCT03320668 {published data only}
    1. NCT03320668. Efficacy of the Otago Exercise Program delivered as group training versus individually tailored training [Efficacy of the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) delivered as group training versus individually tailored training in community‐dwelling adults between 65 and 80 years old]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03320668 (first received 25 October 2017).
NCT03404830 {published data only}
    1. NCT03404830. High intensity training to reduce the risk of falls in older people [Effects of a program of high intensity exercise by intervals on the risk of falls the physical condition and the state of health in people over 60 years]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03404830 (first received 19 January 2018).
NCT03417531 {published data only}
    1. NCT03417531. Sarcopenia prevention with a targeted exercise and protein supplementation program. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03417531 (first received 31 January 2018).
NCT03455179 {published data only}
    1. NCT03455179. Effects of slow‐speed traditional resistance training, high‐speed resistance training and multicomponent training with variable resistances on molecular, body composition, neuromuscular, physicalfFunction and quality of life variables in older adults. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03455179 (first received 6 March 2018).
NCT03462654 {published data only}
    1. NCT03462654. Comparison of a group‐delivered vs. individually delivered 'LiFE' Program LiFE‐is‐LiFE [Comparison of a group‐delivered and individually delivered lifestyle‐integrated functional exercise (LiFE) program in older persons]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03462654 (first received 12 March 2018).

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References to other published versions of this review

Sherrington 2016
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