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. 2019 Feb 1;14(2):e0211186.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211186. eCollection 2019.

Axial length and its associations in a Russian population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study

Mukharram M Bikbov  1 , Gyulli M Kazakbaeva  1 , Timur R Gilmanshin  1 , Rinat M Zainullin  1 , Inga I Arslangareeva  1 , Venera F Salavatova  1 , Guzel M Bikbova  1 , Songhomitra Panda-Jonas  2 , Nikolai A Nikitin  1 , Artur F Zaynetdinov  1 , Ildar F Nuriev  1 , Renat I Khikmatullin  1 , Yulia V Uzianbaeva  1 , Dilya F Yakupova  1 , Said K Aminev  1 , Jost B Jonas  3
Affiliations

Axial length and its associations in a Russian population: The Ural Eye and Medical Study

Mukharram M Bikbov et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the normal distribution of axial length and its associations in a population of Russia.

Methods: The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5,899 (80.5%) individuals out of 7328 eligible individuals aged 40+ years. The participants underwent an ocular and systemic examination. Axial length was measured sonographically (Ultra-compact A/B/P ultrasound system, Quantel Medical, Cournon d'Auvergne, France).

Results: Biometric data were available for 5707 (96.7%) individuals with a mean age of 58.8±10.6 years (range:40-94 years; 25%, 50%, 75% quartile: 51.0, 58.0, 66.0 years, respectively). Mean axial length was 23.30±1.10 mm (range: 19.02-32.87mm; 95% confidence interval (CI): 21.36-25.89; 25%, 50%, 75% quartile: 22.65mm, 23.23mm, 23.88mm, resp.). Prevalences of moderate myopia (axial length:24.5-<26.5mm) and high myopia (axial length >26.5mm) were 555/5707 (8.7%;95%CI:9.0,10.5) and 78/5707 (1.4%;95%CI:1.1,1.7), respectively. Longer axial length (mean:23.30±1.10mm) was associated (correlation coefficient r2:0.70) with older age (P<0.001;standardized regression coefficient beta:0.14), taller body height (P<0.001;beta:0.07), higher level of education (P<0.001;beta:0.04), higher intraocular pressure (P<0.001;beta:0.03), more myopic spherical refractive error (P<0.001;beta:-0.55), lower corneal refractive power (P<0.001;beta:-0.44), deeper anterior chamber depth (P<0.001;beta:0.20), wider anterior chamber angle (P<0.001;beta:0.05), thinner peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P<0.001;beta:-0.04), higher degree of macular fundus tessellation (P<0.001;beta:0.08), lower prevalence of epiretinal membranes (P = 0.01;beta-0.02) and pseudoexfoliation (P = 0.007;beta:-0.02) and higher prevalence of myopic maculopathy (P<0.001;beta:0.08). In that model, prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (any type: P = 0.84; early type: P = 0.46), diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.16), and region of habitation (P = 0.27) were not significantly associated with axial length.

Conclusions: Mean axial length in this typically multi-ethnic Russian study population was comparable with values from populations in Singapore and Beijing. In contrast to previous studies, axial length was not significantly related with the prevalences of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy or region of habitation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Histogram showing the distribution of axial length in the Ural Eye and Medical Study.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Graph showing the prevalence of minor axial myopia stratified by age and gender in the Ural Eye and Medical Study.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Graph showing the prevalence of moderate axial myopia stratified by age and gender in the Ural Eye and Medical Study.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Graph showing the prevalence of high axial myopia stratified by age and gender in the Ural Eye and Medical Study.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Graph showing the distribution of axial length in the Ural Eye and Medical Study, stratified by age and sex.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Graph showing the association between axial length and best corrected visual acuity in the Ural Eye and Medical Study, stratified by sex.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Graph showing the association between axial length and cylindrical refractive power in the Ural Eye and Medical Study, stratified by sex.
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