The effect of respiratory motion on electronic portal imaging device dosimetry

Abstract

There is an increasing need to develop methods for in vivo verification of the delivery of radiotherapy treatments. Electronic portal imaging devices (EPID's) have been demonstrated to be of use for this application. The basic principle is relatively straightforward, the EPID is used to measure a two-dimensional (2D) planar exit or portal dose map behind the patient during the treatment delivery that can provide information on any errors in linear accelerator output or changes in the patient anatomy. In this paper we focused on the effect of intra-fraction motion, particularly respiratory motion, on the measured 2D EPID dose-response. Measurements were made with a breast phantom undergoing one-dimensional (1D) sinusoidal motion with a range of amplitudes (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm) and frequencies (12, 15, and 20 cycles/min). Further measurements were made with the phantom undergoing breathing sequences measured during patient planning computed tomography simulation. We made use of the quadratic calibration method that converts the EPID images to a surrogate for dose, equivalent thickness of Plastic Water^® . Comparisons were made of the 2D thickness maps derived for the different motions compared to the static phantom case and the resulting dose difference analyzed over the "breast" region of interest. A 2D gamma analysis within the same region of interest was performed of the motion images compared to static reference image. Comparisons were made of 1D thickness profiles for the moving and static phantom. The 1D and 2D analyses show the method to be sensitive to the smallest motion amplitude of 0.5 cm tested in the phantom measurements. The results using the phantom demonstrate the method to be a potentially useful tool for monitoring intra-fraction motion during the delivery of patient radiotherapy treatments as well as more generally providing information on the effects of motion on EPID based in vivo dosimetric verification.

Keywords: EPIDs; dosimetry; motion; radiotherapy.

Figure 1

The experimental setup for simulating the effects of motion on breast radiotherapy. The direction of one‐dimensional motion was along the longitudinal couch direction.

Figure 2

(a) Image of static breast phantom and (b) Thickness map after quadratic calibration. The radiation field edge is shown as green line and segmented “breast” region of interest as magenta line. The horizontal dashed white line indicates the approximate location of one‐dimensional profiles in subsequent figures.

Figure 3

Measured profiles through the quadratically calibrated thickness map for the static breast phantom, repeated three times to demonstrate reproducibility of the method.

Figure 4

Calibrated thickness maps of the breast phantom undergoing sinusoidal motion with a frequency of 12 cycles/min and amplitudes of (a) 0.5 cm, (b) 1.0 cm, and (c) 1.5 cm. Green line indicates the radiation field edge and magenta indicates the segmented “breast” region of interest. Results of a two‐dimensional gamma analysis of the target motion dose images calculated from thickness images in (a), (b), and (c) compared to the reference static dose image are shown in (d), (e), and (f) for gamma criteria 2%/2 mm.

Figure 5

Calibrated thickness maps of the breast phantom undergoing sinusoidal motion with an amplitude of 1 cm and frequencies of (a) 12 cycles/min, (b) 15 cycles/min, and (c) 20 cycles/min. Green line indicates the radiation field edge and magenta indicates the segmented “breast” region of interest. Results of a two‐dimensional gamma analysis of the target motion dose images calculated from the thickness images in (a), (b), and (c) compared to the reference static dose image are shown in (d), (e), and (f) for gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm.

Figure 6

Comparison of one‐dimensional thickness profiles for fixed amplitude and different frequencies (a) amplitude = 0.5 cm (b) amplitude = 1.0 cm (c) amplitude = 1.5 cm and for fixed frequencies and different amplitudes (d) frequency = 12 cycles/min (e) frequency = 15 cycles/min, and (f) frequency = 20 cycles/min.

Figure 7

(a)–(c) Thickness maps for three (Patients 1, 4, and 5 in Table 2) of the patient motion sequences. Green line indicates the radiation field edge and magenta indicates the segmented “breast” region of interest. Results of a two‐dimensional gamma analysis of the target motion dose images determined from (a)–(c) compared to the reference static dose image are shown in (d)–(f) for gamma criteria of 3%/3 mm.

Figure 8

One‐dimensional profiles through the thickness maps for five different patient motion sequences.