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Human subjects research is a heavily regulated type of research, hence this paper will start with two critical definitions. The US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Code of Federal Regulations, 45 CFR 46, provides the following definitions: “A living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student) conducting research:
Bass PF, Maloy JW. How to Determine if a Project Is Human Subjects Research, a Quality Improvement Project, or Both. Ochsner J. 2020 Spring;20(1):56-61.
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Röhrig B, du Prel JB, Wachtlin D, Blettner M. Types of study in medical research: part 3 of a series on evaluation of scientific publications. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009 Apr;106(15):262-8.
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