Designing professional program instruction to align with students' cognitive processing

Abstract

Background and purpose: In health professional programs, training for educators in instructional design is sparse and may be absent altogether. Implementing evidence-based, systematic instructional design can improve pharmacy curricula. This paper describes Gagné's instructional design model which is particularly effective because the instructional steps align with learners' cognitive processes. The model is applied to the teaching of liver pharmacotherapeutics in a pharmacy curriculum.

Educational activity and setting: Second-year pharmacy students completed 25 hours of liver pharmacotherapeutics instruction that was developed using Gagné's nine instructional events: gain attention, inform about objectives, stimulate recall of prior information, present information, provide guidance, elicit performance, provide feedback, assess performance, and enhance retention.

Findings: Students completed individual and team-based assessments including SOAP notes, recorded case presentations, web-based quizzes, a pre- and post-knowledge assessment, and midterm and final exam multiple-choice test. Students demonstrated significant improvement in liver pharmacotherapeutics knowledge from the pre- to post-knowledge assessment. Student course instructor evaluations also reflected effectiveness of the format.

Summary: Evidence-based instructional design strategies, such as Gagné's model, can enhance learning of challenging pharmacotherapeutics concepts using a systematic framework that aligns with cognitive processing.

Keywords: Cognitive processing; Instructional design; Learning retention; Pharmacotherapeutics.