Sows in mid parity are best foster mothers for the pre- and post-weaning performance of both light and heavy piglets1

Abstract

To improve the performance of lightweight piglets during suckling, producers are advised to create uniform litters using young sows. However, fostering piglets to primiparous sows may confer penalties due to their lower milk yield and milk immunoglobulin concentrations compared with multiparous sows. The objective was to determine the effect of foster sow parity (primiparous (F), second (S), and mid parity (M: parity 3 to 5)) on the performance from birth to day 68 of piglets born light (L: ≤1.25 kg) or heavy (H: 1.50-2.00 kg) and on creep feed consumption. Piglets (n = 507) considered L or H were cross-fostered, creating litters of 13 similar-sized piglets/litter and were randomly fostered to one of the foster parities. All litters were offered creep feed with a green dye to discern between consumers and nonconsumers, and the medication administered was recorded. Medication administrated pre- and postweaning did not differ (P > 0.05) across the different experimental groups. A significantly (P ≤ 0.025) lower number of H piglets were removed as a result of preweaning weight loss from F and S, rather than M litters. The interaction between birth weight and foster parity only affected piglet BW at day 10 (P = 0.020); foster parity did not influence BW of L piglets, but influenced that of H piglets. H piglets in F and M litters (3.82 and 3.80 kg) were significantly lighter (P ≤ 0.013) than H piglets in S litters (4.15 kg). As expected, L piglets performed worse pre- and postweaning than H piglets; they were 4.50 kg lighter at day 68. Foster parity significantly affected BW: F piglets were weaned lighter (P = 0.004) than S and M piglets (7.52 vs. 8.02 kg). Postweaning (day 68) however, F piglets achieved similar BW as S piglets (29.7 vs. 29.9 kg), whereas M piglets performed best (31.2 kg, P ≤ 0.079). Significantly fewer (almost none) of the L than the H piglets consumed creep feed (P < 0.001); significantly (P = 0.007) more F and M piglets were considered consumers than S piglets. The results suggest that irrespectively of birth weight, piglets tend to perform better when in M litters, being weaned heavy and having a high creep feed intake; however, more piglets are removed from such litters preweaning. Although S litters were weaned heavy, they were unable to maintain this BW advantage postweaning, due to their low creep feed intake and F litters remained small throughout. Long-term performance monitoring to slaughter is recommended.

Keywords: creep feed; lightweight piglets; pigs; sow parity; teat position; weaning weight.

Figure 1.

The effect of piglet preferred teat pair on piglets probability to be classified nonconsumer or consumer. Piglets were classified as either nonconsumers or consumers (low, moderate, or high) on the basis of the number of positive fecal samples. Teat pair class was classified according to anatomical location of the teats (i.e., anterior [teat pairs 1 to 2], middle [teat pairs 3 to 5], or posterior [teat pair ≥6]). Data are represented in probability ±SE. Within consumer class bars with different superscripts (a,b) differ significantly (P < 0.05) across the different teat pair classes.

Figure 2.

The effect foster sow parity (primiparous, second, or mid parity sow [parities 3 to 5]) and birth weight (BiW) class (light [≤1.25 kg] or heavy [1.50 to 2.00 kg]) on creep feed consumption (g/piglet ± SD).

Figure 3.

The effect foster sow parity (primiparous, second, or mid parity sow [parity 3–5]) and birth weight (BiW) class (light [≤ 1.25 kg] or heavy [1.50–2.00 kg]) on the cumulative probability of consumer class. Data are represented in probability ± SE. The comparison for the effect of foster parity on consumer class was made within birth weight class with the different superscripts either differ significantly (^a,b,cP < 0.05) or tended (^A,BP < 0.10) to differ.