Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2019 Feb 12;6(1):15.
doi: 10.3390/vetsci6010015.

A Review of Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Canine Malignant Melanoma

Ramón M Almela  1 , Agustina Ansón  2
Affiliations
Review

A Review of Immunotherapeutic Strategies in Canine Malignant Melanoma

Ramón M Almela et al. Vet Sci. .

Abstract

In dogs, melanomas are relatively common tumors and the most common form of oral malignancy. Biological behavior is highly variable, usually aggressive, and frequently metastatic, with reported survival times of three months for oral or mucosal melanomas in advanced disease stages. Classical clinical management remains challenging; thus, novel and more efficacious treatment strategies are needed. Evidence-based medicine supports the role of the immune system to treat neoplastic diseases. Besides, immunotherapy offers the possibility of a precise medicinal approach to treat cancer. In recent years, multiple immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed, and are now recognized as a pillar of treatment. In addition, dogs represent a good model for translational medicine purposes. This review will cover the most relevant immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of canine malignant melanoma, divided among five different categories, namely, monoclonal antibodies, nonspecific immunotherapy activated by bacteria, vaccines, gene therapy, and lymphokine-activated killer cell therapy.

Keywords: canine; gene therapy; immunotherapy; malignant; melanoma; review; vaccine.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of the different strategies for immunotherapy in CMM.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Von Euler H., Sadeghi A., Carlsson B., Rivera P., Loskog A., Segall T., Korsgren O., Tötterman T.H. Efficient adenovector CD40 ligand immunotherapy of canine malignant melanoma. J. Immunother. 2008;31:377–384. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e31816a812d. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bergman P.J., Kent M.S., Farese J.P. Melanoma. In: Withrow S., Vail D., Page R., editors. Withrow and MacEwen’s Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Elsevier Saunders; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2013. pp. 321–334.
    1. Clifford C.A., de Lorimier L.P., Fan T., Garrett L.D. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic tumors. In: Miller W.H., Griffin C.E., Campbell K.L., editors. Muller and Kirk’s Small Animal Dermatology. Elsevier Mosby; St. Louis, MO, USA: 2013. pp. 774–843.
    1. La-Beck N.M., Jean G.W., Huynh C., Alzghari S.K., Lowe D.B. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: New In-sights and Current Place in Cancer Therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35:963–976. doi: 10.1002/phar.1643. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mellman I., Coukos G., Dranoff G. Cancer immunotherapy comes of age. Nature. 2011;7378:480–489. doi: 10.1038/nature10673. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources