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Review
. 2019 Feb 12;7(2):49.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7020049.

PES Pathogens in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Catia Cillóniz  1 , Cristina Dominedò  2 , Antonello Nicolini  3 , Antoni Torres  4
Affiliations
Review

PES Pathogens in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Catia Cillóniz et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

Worldwide, there is growing concern about the burden of pneumonia. Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is frequently complicated by pulmonary and extra-pulmonary complications, including sepsis, septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute cardiac events, resulting in significantly increased intensive care admission rates and mortality rates. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) remains the most common causative pathogen in CAP. However, several bacteria and respiratory viruses are responsible, and approximately 6% of cases are due to the so-called PES (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, extended-spectrum β-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) pathogens. Of these, P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are the most frequently reported and require different antibiotic therapy to that for typical CAP. It is therefore important to recognize the risk factors for these pathogens to improve the outcomes in patients with CAP.

Keywords: PES pathogens; community-acquired pneumonia; pneumonia; severe pneumonia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The outcomes in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) with non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Intensive care unit (ICU). X–axis showed the percentage and y-axis showed study population. Adapted from Reference [21].
Figure 2
Figure 2
The management of severe community-acquired pneumonia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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