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Review
. 2019 Feb 14;12(4):568.
doi: 10.3390/ma12040568.

Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-Tissue Regeneration

Petra Chocholata  1 , Vlastimil Kulda  2 , Vaclav Babuska  3
Affiliations
Review

Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-Tissue Regeneration

Petra Chocholata et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected. The main objective is to restore and improve the function of bone tissue by scaffolds, providing a suitable environment for tissue regeneration and repair. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering. Researchers are focusing on developing and improving new materials to imitate the native biological neighborhood as authentically as possible. The most promising is a combination of cells and matrices (scaffolds) that can be fabricated from different kinds of materials. This review summarizes currently available materials and manufacturing technologies of scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration.

Keywords: bone tissue engineering; hydrogels; regenerative medicine; scaffolds; stem cells.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Different length scales in hierarchically organized bone. The macrostructure creates the overall bone shape and consists of trabecular (cancellous, spongy) bone, 50–90 vol % porosity and compact (cortical) bone, less than 10 vol % porosity [20]. The microstructure (of about 10–500 μm) consists of the Haversian system, osteons and single trabeculae). The sub-microstructure (of 1–10 μm) consists of lamellae. The nanostructure (a few hundred nanometers—1 μm) consists of fibrillary collagen and embedded minerals. The sub-nanostructure (below a few hundred nanometers of minerals) consists of collagen, non-collagenous organic proteins, and fundamental structural elements.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Matrix compartments of bone.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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