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Meta-Analysis
. 2019 Feb 20;2(2):CD013272.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013272.

Competitions for smoking cessation

Thomas R Fanshawe  1 , Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, Rafael Perera, Nicola Lindson
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Competitions for smoking cessation

Thomas R Fanshawe et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Competitions might encourage people to undertake and/or reinforce behaviour change, including smoking cessation. Competitions involve individuals or groups having the opportunity to win a prize following successful cessation, either through direct competition or by entry into a lottery or raffle.

Objectives: To determine whether competitions lead to higher long-term smoking quit rates. We also aimed to examine the impact on the population, the costs, and the unintended consequences of smoking cessation competitions.

Search methods: This review has merged two previous Cochrane reviews. Here we include studies testing competitions from the reviews 'Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation' and 'Quit & Win interventions for smoking cessation'. We updated the evidence by searching the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in June 2018.

Selection criteria: We considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs), allocating individuals, workplaces, groups within workplaces, or communities to experimental or control conditions. We also considered controlled studies with baseline and post-intervention measures in which participants were assigned to interventions by the investigators. Participants were smokers, of any age and gender, in any setting. Eligible interventions were contests, competitions, lotteries, and raffles, to reward cessation and continuous abstinence in smoking cessation programmes.

Data collection and analysis: For this update, data from new studies were extracted independently by two review authors. The primary outcome measure was abstinence from smoking at least six months from the start of the intervention. We performed meta-analyses to pool study effects where suitable data were available and where the effect of the competition component could be separated from that of other intervention components, and report other findings narratively.

Main results: Twenty studies met our inclusion criteria. Five investigated performance-based reward, where groups of smokers competed against each other to win a prize (N = 915). The remaining 15 used performance-based eligibility, where cessation resulted in entry into a prize draw (N = 10,580). Five of these used Quit & Win contests (N = 4282), of which three were population-level interventions. Fourteen studies were RCTs, and the remainder quasi-randomized or controlled trials. Six had suitable abstinence data for a meta-analysis, which did not show evidence of effectiveness of performance-based eligibility interventions (risk ratio (RR) 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77 to 1.74, N = 3201, I2 = 57%). No trials that used performance-based rewards found a beneficial effect of the intervention on long-term quit rates.The three population-level Quit & Win studies found higher smoking cessation rates in the intervention group (4% to 16.9%) than the control group at long-term follow-up, but none were RCTs and all had important between-group differences in baseline characteristics. These studies suggested that fewer than one in 500 smokers would quit because of the contest.Reported unintended consequences in all sets of studies generally related to discrepancies between self-reported smoking status and biochemically-verified smoking status. More serious adverse events were not attributed to the competition intervention.Using the GRADE system we rated the overall quality of the evidence for smoking cessation as 'very low', because of the high and unclear risk of bias associated with the included studies, substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, and the limited population investigated.

Authors' conclusions: At present, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusions about the effectiveness, or a lack of it, of smoking cessation competitions. This is due to a lack of well-designed comparative studies. Smoking cessation competitions have not been shown to enhance long-term cessation rates. The limited evidence suggesting that population-based Quit & Win contests at local and regional level might deliver quit rates above baseline community rates has not been tested adequately using rigorous study designs. It is also unclear whether the value or frequency of possible cash reward schedules influence the success of competitions. Future studies should be designed to compensate for the substantial biases in the current evidence base.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

TRF: none known

JHB: none known

RP: none known

NL is employed by the University of Oxford to work as a Managing Editor for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Review Group. Core infrastructure funding for the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group is provided by the NIHR to the University of Oxford. She was a co‐applicant and collaborator on a research grant awarded by the NIHR HTA programme (09/110/01), investigating the use of pre‐quit nicotine patches for smoking cessation. The excess treatment provided for this research were nicotine patches, supplied free of charge by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). However, GSK had no further involvement in the research, and this had no impact on the reported work. This trial was completed in 2016.

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Competitions using performance‐based rewards, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Competitions using performance‐based eligibility, Outcome 1 Smoking cessation at longest follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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