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. 2019 Feb 1;11(2):e138-e145.
doi: 10.4317/jced.55384. eCollection 2019 Feb.

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

Aroonwan Lam-Ubol  1 , Sorasun Rungsiyanont  1 , Piamkamon Vacharotayangul  1 , Kraisorn Sappayatosok  2 , Oitip Chankanka  3
Affiliations

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

Aroonwan Lam-Ubol et al. J Clin Exp Dent. .

Abstract

Background: Effects of various Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimens on oral heath are unclear. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate effects of HAART on oral manifestations, salivary flow rates (SFR) and Candida species in HIV-infected patients who took mostly non-protease inhibitor-based HAART regimens.

Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on HIV-infected patients taking and never taken HAART who attended Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (n = 48). Non-HIV subjects were recruited as control (n = 20). Oral conditions and salivary flow rates were evaluated using oral examination and measurement of unstimulated and stimulated saliva. In addition, Candida colonization counts (colony forming units; CFUs) and Candida species from the collected saliva were evaluated using CHROMagar.

Results: The most common oral manifestation in HIV-infected subjects taking HAART was hyperpigmentation. Unstimulated and stimulated SFR among the three groups were not statistically significant. Candida colonization was detected in 64%, 65% and 35% of HIV-infected subjects taking HAART, HAART-naïve, and non-HIV subjects, respectively. While 20% and 35% of HIV-infected subjects with and without HAART, respectively, had Candida CFUs higher than 500/ml, all non-HIV carriers had Candida CFUs lower than 500/ml. The most common Candida colonization species was C. albicans in HAART and non-HIV groups. Interestingly, HAART-naïve group was colonized more by non-albicans species.

Conclusions: HAART has minimal effects on oral health. While HAART may not prevent Candida colonization, it might lead to reduction of non-albicans species. Because maintaining low Candida counts is important, HAART administration and antifungal sensitivity test should be considered in HIV-infected patients. Key words:HIV, Candida, HAART, Oral manifestation, Salivary flow rates.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest statement:The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Candida carriers and Candida counts in non-HIV, HIV-infected subjects who never taken and taking HAART, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Candida species colonization in non-HIV, HIV-infected subjects who never taken and taking HAART, respectively.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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