A role for ultrasound in the fabrication of carbohydrate-supported nanomaterials

Abstract

Nowadays, sonication is a well-known technique for the fabrication and surface modification of nanomaterials with various sizes, shapes, and chemical and physical properties. In addition to conducting catalyst-mediated chemical reactions and enhancing medicinal properties, such as antibacterial and antifungal activities, nanoparticles made from biodegradable and biocompatible carbohydrate coatings and glycosidic frameworks offer exciting opportunities for the development of biomaterials, optical sensors, packaging materials, agricultural products, and food. This review article discusses the synthesis of carbohydrate-coated nanoparticles by ultrasound radiation as well as the many applications of these nanoparticles.

Keywords: Biodegradable; Carbohydrate; Fabrication; Metal; Nanoparticles; Ultrasound.

Fig. 1

The acoustic cavitation phenomenon that occurs under ultrasonic radiation

Scheme 1

Preparation of Fe₃O₄–chitosan nanoparticles

Fig. 2

SEM images of (a) pure Fe₃O₄ and (b) chitosan-coated Fe₃O₄

Scheme 2

Application of Fe₃O₄–chitosan-coated nanoparticles

Scheme 3

Preparation of chitosan/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles

Fig. 3

TEM images of ChMNPs

Fig. 4

DLS image of AgNPs synthesized under ultrasonic irradiation

Fig. 5

TEM and SAED images of AgNPs: (a) 25 mg starch and (b) 30 mg starch

Scheme 4

Synthesis of 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole

Fig. 6

HRSEM micrographs of cotton fabrics coated with ZnO NPs and GA

Fig. 7

HRTEM images of (a) AgNP10, (b) AgNP11 (b), and (c) AgNP12

Fig. 8

(a) UV–Vis spectrum and (b) TEM image of synthesized St-AgNPs

Fig. 9

SEM of Rutile-HEC (a) before and after degradation, (b) Fe₃O₄, (c) Anatase, (d) rutile, (e) MMT, (f) ZnO

Fig. 10

FE-SEM micrographs of the optimized pullulan nanocomposite coating

Fig. 11

SEM images of (a, b) native pinhão starch, and starch subjected to (c, d) acid hydrolysis or (e, f) ultrasound

Fig. 12

Photograph of Ag⁺/κ-carrageenan and Ag/κ-carrageenan, and synthesis of AgNPs capped with κ-carrageenan

Fig. 13

3D image of silver nanoparticles by AFM

Fig. 14

TEM image of starch-templated silver nanoparticles

Fig. 15

TEM photographs showing: (a) morphology of ZnO NPs and (b) morphology of ZnO NPs-based starch paste

Fig. 16

FE-SEM images of the optimally prepared starch nanoparticles

Fig. 17

Effect of ultrasonic treatments on light transmittance of re-dispersed suspensions of precipitated starch hydrolyzates

Fig. 18

Effect of ultrasonication (60% amplitude, 3 min duration) on particle size distribution

Fig. 19

Mean values of three replications of turbidity of 0.16% (w/v) of different VD3-loaded nanoparticles and a pure nanoparticle solution

Fig. 20

FE-SEM images of VD3-loaded nanoparticles: (a) CSN-0-10, (b) PSN-0-10, and (c) V-type amylose structure in VD-loaded high-amylose corn starch nanoparticle

Fig. 21

Different magnifications of SEM images of the Pd–MNPSS catalyst

Scheme 5

Use of a catalyst for the Sonogashira and Heck reaction

Fig. 22

Particle size distribution patterns of starch nanoparticles

Fig. 23

SEM images of RS4 (b and b) and RS4 nanoparticles (c and c)

Fig. 24

Scanning electron micrographs of nanoscale RS III (a and a) and native RS III particles (b and b)

Fig. 25

DSC curves of (a) RS III and (b) nanoscale RS III particles

Fig. 26

Change in colour with irradiation times of starch-capped AgNPs in solution

Fig. 27

Full scale 2421 cts Cursor:− 0.043 (802 cts) keV

Fig. 28

UV–Vis spectra of synthesized AgNPs in starch solutions at different sonic irradiation times

Fig. 29

TEM images and particle size distributions of synthesized Ag- NPs at different sonic irradiation times: (a, b) 5 min and (c, d) 60 min

Fig. 30

FE-SEM images of starch particles at different ultrasonication intervals

Fig. 31

Raman spectra of (a) standard starch and (b) waxy maize before and after 75-min ultrasound treatment

Fig. 32

TEM of CNP

Fig. 33

a TEM image and size distribution of CHSP self-aggregated nanoparticles and (b) MTO-loaded CHSP self-aggregated nanoparticles with a drug loading content of 8.14% measured using DLS. Scale bar below each image represents 100 nm (a) or 200 nm (b)