[Composition and mode of action of adjuvants in licensed viral vaccines]
- PMID: 30830257
- DOI: 10.1007/s00103-019-02921-1
[Composition and mode of action of adjuvants in licensed viral vaccines]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines is largely governed by nature and the amount of antigen(s) included. Specific immune-stimulating substances, so-called adjuvants, are added to vaccine formulations to enhance and modulate the induced immune response.Adjuvants are very different in their physicochemical nature and are primarily characterized by their immune-enhancing effects. In this report, adjuvants that are components of vaccines licensed in the EU will be presented and their mode of action will be discussed.Aluminum salts have been used for almost a century as vaccine adjuvants. In recent years numerous novel immune-stimulating substances have been developed and integrated into licensed human vaccines. These novel adjuvants are not only intended to generally increase the vaccine-induced antibody titers, but are also aimed at modulating and triggering a specific immune response. The search for innovative adjuvants was considerably stimulated during development of pandemic influenza vaccines. By using squalene-containing oil-in-water adjuvants (namely AS03 and MF59), pandemic influenza vaccines were developed that were efficacious despite a significant reduction of the antigen content.The development of novel adjuvants is a highly dynamic and essential area in modern vaccine design. Some years ago, vaccines for prevention of HPV-induced cervix carcinoma and hepatitis B were licensed that contained the toll-like receptor 4 agonist 3‑O-desacyl-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a detoxified LPS version, as the adjuvant. Quite recently, a herpes zoster vaccine was licensed in Europe with a combination of MPL and the saponin QS21 as adjuvant. This combination of immune enhancers is also used in the formulations of the same manufacturer's malaria and hepatitis B vaccine.
Die Immunogenität und Wirksamkeit von Impfstoffen werden in erster Linie von den enthaltenen Antigenen bestimmt. Die induzierte Immunantwort kann jedoch durch Zugabe von Wirkverstärkern in der Impfstoffformulierung, sog. Adjuvanzien, maßgeblich beeinflusst und gesteuert werden.Adjuvanzien sind stofflich sehr divers und durch ihren die Immunantwort verstärkenden Effekt gekennzeichnet. In diesem Beitrag werden Adjuvanzien, die Teil in der EU zugelassener Impfstoffe sind, vorgestellt und ihre immunologischen Wirkmechanismen beschrieben.Aluminiumsalze werden bereits seit 100 Jahren als Adjuvans eingesetzt. In jüngster Zeit wurde eine ganze Reihe neuartiger Adjuvanzien entwickelt und in zugelassene Impfstoffprodukte integriert. Viele der neuen Adjuvanzien führen nicht allein zu einer Erhöhung der impfstoffinduzierten Antikörpertiter, sondern zielen auch darauf ab, die Immunantwort in eine bestimmte Richtung zu lenken und gezielt zu modulieren. Die Suche nach innovativen Wirkverstärkern wurde wesentlich vorangetrieben bei der Entwicklung pandemischer Influenzaimpfstoffe. Durch Verwendung neuartiger Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen (Adjuvanzien MF 59 und AS03) gelang es, Pandemieimpfstoffe zu entwickeln, die trotz deutlich verringertem Antigengehalt wirksam sind.Die Entwicklung neuer Adjuvanzien ist ein sehr dynamischer und zentraler Aspekt des Impfstoffdesigns: Vor einigen Jahren wurden Impfstoffe gegen das HPV-induzierte humane Zervixkarzinom und Hepatitis B zugelassen, die den Toll-like-Rezeptor-4-Agonisten MPL (3-O-Desacyl-monophosphoryl Lipid A) als Adjuvansbestandteil enthalten. Jüngst wurde in Europa ein Impfstoff gegen Herpes Zoster zugelassen, der als Adjuvans eine Kombination aus MPL und dem Saponin QS21 enthält, die auch im Malaria- und im Hepatitis-B-Impfstoff des Herstellers zur Anwendung kommen.
Keywords: Adjuvants; Alum; Antigen; Emulsion; Vaccination.
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