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. 2019 Mar 4;19(5):1095.
doi: 10.3390/s19051095.

Quantitative Measurement and Evaluation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Normal Blood Based on a Modified Hanai Equation

Jianming Wen  1 , Nen Wan  2 , Huilu Bao  3 , Jianping Li  4
Affiliations

Quantitative Measurement and Evaluation of Red Blood Cell Aggregation in Normal Blood Based on a Modified Hanai Equation

Jianming Wen et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The aggregation of red blood cells (RBCs) in normal blood (non-coagulation) has been quantitatively measured by blood pulsatile flow based on multiple-frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy. The relaxation frequencies fc under static and flowing conditions of blood pulsatile flow are utilized to evaluate the RBC aggregation quantitatively with the consideration of blood flow factors (RBC orientation, deformation, thickness of electrical double layer (EDL)). Both porcine blood and bovine blood are investigated in experiments, for the reason that porcine blood easily forms RBC aggregates, while bovine blood does not. The results show that the relaxation frequencies fc of porcine blood and bovine blood present opposite performance, which indicates that the proposed relaxation frequency fc is efficient to measure RBCs aggregation. Furthermore, the modified Hanai equation is proposed to quantitatively calculate the influence of RBCs aggregation on relaxation frequency fc. The study confirms the feasibility of a high speed, on-line RBC aggregation sensing method in extracorporeal circulation systems.

Keywords: aggregation; blood; impedance; red blood cell; relaxation frequency.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental condition: (a) Pulsatile blood flow, (b) Nyquist plot, (c) Equivalent circuit model.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Experimental setup: (a) Blood circulation system, (b) Sensor.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Experimental impedance of blood: (a) Porcine blood, (b) Bovine blood.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Experimental conductivity of blood: (a) Porcine blood, (b) Bovine blood.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Experimental relaxation frequency of blood: (a) Porcine blood, (b) Bovine blood.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The inhomogeneous distribution of shear rate inside the blood tube.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Calculation results based on the modified Hanai equation: (a) Porcine blood, (b) Bovine blood.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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