Seed germination responses to seasonal temperature and drought stress are species-specific but not related to seed size in a desert steppe: Implications for effect of climate change on community structure

Abstract

Investigating how seed germination of multiple species in an ecosystem responds to environmental conditions is crucial for understanding the mechanisms for community structure and biodiversity maintenance. However, knowledge of seed germination response of species to environmental conditions is still scarce at the community level. We hypothesized that responses of seed germination to environmental conditions differ among species at the community level, and that germination response is not correlated with seed size. To test this hypothesis, we determined the response of seed germination of 20 common species in the Siziwang Desert Steppe, China, to seasonal temperature regimes (representing April, May, June, and July) and drought stress (0, -0.003, -0.027, -0.155, and -0.87 MPa). Seed germination percentage increased with increasing temperature regime, but Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia mongolica, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia sieversiana, Bassia dasyphylla, Kochia prastrata, and Neopallasia pectinata germinated to >60% in the lowest temperature regime (April). Germination decreased with increasing water stress, but Allium ramosum, Artemisia annua, Artemisia scoparia, Bassia dasyphylla, Heteropappus altaicus, Kochia prastrata, Neopallasia pectinata, and Potentilla tanacetifolia germinated to near 60% at -0.87 MPa. Among these eight species, germination of six was tolerant to both temperature and water stress. Mean germination percentage in the four temperature regimes and the five water potentials was not significantly correlated with seed mass or seed area, which were highly correlated. Our results suggest that the species-specific germination responses to environmental conditions are important in structuring the desert steppe community and have implications for predicting community structure under climate change. Thus, the predicted warmer and dryer climate will favor germination of drought-tolerant species, resulting in altered proportions of germinants of different species and subsequently change in community composition of the desert steppe.

Keywords: climate change; community structure; desert steppe; drought stress; seasonal temperature; seed germination; seed size.

Figure 1

Seed germination of the 20 species at (a) April (0 /12°C), (b) May (7/19°C), (c) June (12/24°C), and (d) July (15/27°C) temperature regimes. Bars represent ±1 SE. See Table 1 for species code

Figure 2

Germination of seeds of the 20 species incubated in light at 25°C at water potentials of (a) 0, (b) −0.003, (c) −0.027, (d) −0.155, and (e) −0.87 MPa. Bars represent ±1 SE. See Table 1 for species code

Figure 3

Seed germination of the 20 species at the lowest and highest temperature regimes (a) and water potentials (b). Bars represent ±1 SE. See Table 1 for species codes

Figure 4

Relationships between mean seed germination percentage and seed size. (a) Temperature regime and seed mass; (b) Water potential and seed mass. Mean germination percentage was arcsine‐transformed and seed mass/area log‐transformed