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1 Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2 Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
3 Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
4 Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
5 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
6 Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
7 Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
8 Section of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
9 Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
10 Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
11 Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, LCMN, IGTP, Badalona, Spain.
12 Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
1 Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2 Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
3 Department of Inflammation Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
4 Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
5 Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
6 Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
7 Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Medical Immunology, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
8 Section of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
9 Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
10 Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
11 Division of Immunology, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, LCMN, IGTP, Badalona, Spain.
12 Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
Clinical studies with cellular therapies using tolerance-inducing cells, such as tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (tolAPC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) for the prevention of transplant rejection and the treatment of autoimmune diseases have been expanding the last decade. In this perspective, we will summarize the current perspectives of the clinical application of both tolAPC and Treg, and will address future directions and the importance of immunomonitoring in clinical studies that will result in progress in the field.
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