Scar tissue to lung cancer; pathways and treatment

Abstract

Lung cancer still remains diagnosed at a late stage although we have novel diagnostic techniques at our disposal. However; for metastatic disease we have novel therapies based on pharmacogenomics. Tumor heterogenity provides us different treatments. There are several reasons for carcinogenesis; fibrosis and scar tissue provides an environment that induces malignancy. In the current review we will try and elucidate the pathways involved from scar tissue to carcinogenesis.

Keywords: fibrosis; interstitial disease; lung cancer; pathways; scar tissue.

Figure 1

Mechanisms and concept of fibrosis and tumorigenesis; interleukins IL-4,5,8; Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) α,β;

Figure 2

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Tumor Growth Factor (TGF-β), Nitric Oxide (NO), Surfactant protein 1 (SFTPA1), Surfactant protein 2 (SFTPA2), and tumor protein p53 (p53)

Figure 3

TGF-β; tumor growth factor-beta, ΜAPK/ERK; Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell, PI3K/AKT; PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle.