Placental Pathology and Neuroimaging Correlates in Neonates with Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is an independent risk factor for brain injury, including stroke, and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, and placental abnormalities may represent an additional risk factor for brain injury in neonates. The incidence and scope of placental pathology and relationship to fetal brain abnormalities in pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD has not been explored to our knowledge. In order to determine the prevalence of placental pathology findings and whether placental findings are associated with postnatal brain injury in pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD, we reviewed placental pathology reports for 51 pregnancies complicated by CHD and scored available postnatal, pre-operative brain MRI for brain pathology. Overall, 57% of CHD infants had abnormal placental pathology. Pregnancies complicated by CHD with aortic obstruction (AO) were significantly more likely than those with no obstruction to have abnormal placental pathology (79% vs. 44%). There was a trend toward more severe brain lesions amongst patients with brain lesions and placental abnormality (55% moderate/severe) compared to those without placental abnormality (11% moderate/severe). These data suggest that placental abnormalities are common in CHD and may have a compounding effect on brain lesions in this high-risk population.

Figure 1

Placental Weights. (A) Placental weight percentiles were calculated according to normative values corrected for gestational age and gender and stratified by type of placental pathology. (B) Placental weight percentiles were calculated according to normative values corrected for birth weight and gender and stratified by type of placental pathology. (C) Placental weight: birth weight ratio was calculated and compared with normative values for gestational age and gender. Percentile ranges are reported here.