Comparison of culture, cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxin A and toxin B in the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-related enteric disease

Abstract

Clostridium difficile culture, test tube, and microtiter cytotoxicity assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for toxin A and toxin B, were simultaneously performed on 113 fresh diarrheal stool specimens randomly selected from those submitted to our clinical laboratory for routine C. difficile testing. The performance of these tests in diagnosing C. difficile-related enteric disease (CDRED) was based on a clinical assessment of the likelihood of CDRED as determined by a systematic review of case histories blinded from the test results. Among 61 antibiotic recipients, both the microtiter cytotoxicity assay and the toxin A ELISA were highly specific for CDRED (95% and 100%, respectively). Specificities for the other procedures were much lower (tube cytotoxicity assay, 79%; culture, 74%; and toxin B ELISA, 56%). The high sensitivities of the culture (89%) and toxin B ELISA (83%) were somewhat negated by their low specificities. The only test that was both specific and had acceptable sensitivity (78%) was the microtiter cytotoxicity assay. This study indicates that ELISAs for detection of C. difficile toxins are not as reliable as the cytotoxicity assay in the laboratory diagnosis of CDRED, and that clinical correlation is essential in the evaluation of any new test for CDRED.