Anatomy, Head and Neck, Temporomandibular Joint

Excerpt

The stomatognathic system comprises various anatomical structures responsible for mouth opening, swallowing, breathing, phonation, sucking, and multiple facial expressions. These structures include the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), maxilla and mandible, associated muscles and tendons, dental arches, salivary glands, and the hyoid bone, as well as muscles connecting this bone to the scapula, sternum, and neck.

The TMJ performs complex movements across multiple orthogonal planes and axes of rotation, functioning synergistically with the other components (see Image. Temporomandibular Joint). Coordination with the contralateral TMJ ensures synchronized movement. Dysfunction or pathology of this structure can lead to pain, limited jaw movement, and impaired quality of life. Medical management focuses on diagnosing disorders such as TMJ dysfunction, arthritis, and trauma. Surgical intervention may be necessary for severe joint degeneration, ankylosis, tumors, or congenital anomalies.

A thorough understanding of the TMJ’s functional anatomy, embryological development, and age-related anatomical differences enhances clinicians’ ability to assess and manage joint function effectively. Awareness of surgical, clinical, and physiological factors influencing the TMJ supports informed decision-making. Integrating manual therapeutic approaches with interprofessional collaboration can optimize joint rehabilitation outcomes.