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Review
. 2019 Aug:50:1-8.
doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.005. Epub 2019 Mar 9.

Cell surface immune receptors: the guardians of the plant's extracellular spaces

Kostya Kanyuka  1 , Jason J Rudd  2
Affiliations
Review

Cell surface immune receptors: the guardians of the plant's extracellular spaces

Kostya Kanyuka et al. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2019 Aug.

Abstract

Since the original 'Zigzag model', several iterations have been proposed to reconcile both the Pattern Triggered Immunity (PTI) and the Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI) branches of the plant immune system. The recent cloning of new disease resistance genes, functioning in gene-for-gene interactions, which structurally resemble cell surface broad spectrum Pattern Recognition Receptors, have further blurred the distinctions between PTI and ETI in plant immunity. In an attempt to simplify further the existing conceptual models, we, herein, propose a scheme based on the spatial localization of the key proteins (receptors) which function to induce plant immune responses. We believe this 'Spatial Invasion model' will prove useful for understanding how immune receptors interact with different pathogen types which peripherally or totally invade plant cells, colonize solely extracellularly or switch locations during a successful infection.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proposed ‘Spatial Invasion model’ of plant immunity.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Jones J.D.G., Dangl J.L. The plant immune system. Nature. 2006;444:323–329. - PubMed

    2. The benchmark model upon which most descriptions of the plant immune system have been made. Still highly relevant and the first clear idea presented for the functions of pathogen effectors in modulating plant immunity.

    1. Cook D.E., Mesarich C.H., Thomma B.P.H.J. Understanding plant immunity as a surveillance system to detect invasion. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2015;53:541–563. - PubMed

    2. An excellent review summarizing conceptual advances explaining the plant immune system and highlighting the limitations of the original ‘Zigzag model’ of plant immunity. Addressing these limitations, the authors provide an alternative, more inclusive ‘Invasion model’, which integrates experimental data from diverse pathosystems and interactions involving endophytes and mutualists and considers plant innate immunity as a system that evolves to detect invasion.

    1. Kohorn B.D., Kohorn S.L. The cell wall-associated kinases, WAKs, as pectin receptors. Front Plant Sci. 2012;3:1–5. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Boutrot F., Zipfel C. Function, discovery, and exploitation of plant pattern recognition receptors for broad-spectrum disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2017;55:257–286. - PubMed

    2. A comprehensive review of characterized cell surface immune receptors, their respective ligands, and strategies and methods used to identify new receptors and new ligands. The authors also discuss interspecies transfer of cell surface immune receptors and how this could be used to increase resistance against adapted pathogens, and a possibility to engineer immune receptors for improved ligand recognition and improved disease resistance.

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