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. 2019 Mar 15;11(3):163.
doi: 10.3390/toxins11030163.

Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions

Oana Stanciu  1   2 , Cristina Juan  3 , Houda Berrada  4 , Doina Miere  5 , Felicia Loghin  6 , Jordi Mañes  7
Affiliations

Study on Trichothecene and Zearalenone Presence in Romanian Wheat Relative to Weather Conditions

Oana Stanciu et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

To evaluate the influence of weather conditions on mycotoxin presence in wheat, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15AcDON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEO) and zearalenone (ZEN) were evaluated in 102 Romanian wheat samples coming from five wheat growing areas during 2015. Only six mycotoxins were detected, while FUS-X, DAS, NEO and NIV were not present in the wheat samples. Mycotoxin concentrations were correlated with precipitation and temperature values during anthesis and the preharvest period. Overall, the highest frequency was registered for DON, while the lowest frequency was registered for NIV. In the North Muntenia, DON and ZEN registered high frequencies (68% and 16%, respectively). This region was characterized in June and July by medium to high values of rainfall (41⁻100 mm/month) and normal temperatures (mean of 20.0 °C in June and 24.0 °C in July), suggesting that precipitation levels influence fungi and mycotoxin development to a greater extent compared to the influence of temperature.

Keywords: GC-MS/MS; Romania; air temperature; cereals; mycotoxins; precipitations.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The five Romanian regions included in the study, belonging to different climatic areas: 1. North-West (n = 9), 2. Mideast (n = 9), 3. North Muntenia (n = 31), 4. South Muntenia (n = 37), 5. South-East (n = 16).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Normalized mean concentrations of mycotoxins in wheat across the five different Romanian regions. Mean concentrations were normalized by Log10 (1 + a) where a is the average concentration of the positive samples expressed in μg kg−1. When a mycotoxin was not detected in the wheat samples in a region, no normalized value was calculated and a short horizontal line (-) corresponding to that mycotoxin in that region was used.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Evolution of (a) monthly mean temperatures; (b) monthly amount of rainfall; and (c) mean of relative humidity in Romania during 2015 (April–August) [37].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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