Safety and Effectiveness of Embolization for Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Systematic Review and Case Series

Abstract

Introduction: Embolization of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) has emerged as a minimally invasive means of managing subdural hematoma. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the safety and effectiveness of this treatment and to share our clinical experience.

Methods: This review was registered with PROSPERO. PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms for MMA embolization and chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) from January 2000 to November 2018. All articles in the English language literature describing MMA embolization for CSDH were included, irrespective of study design. Consecutive patients who underwent MMA embolization at our hospital between January 2017 and June 2018 comprised our clinical experience.

Results: Fifteen studies with 193 procedures were included in the review. Ninety-five cases (49.2%) involved primary MMA embolization; 88 embolizations (45.6%) for recurrent CSDH and 10 (5.2%) for prophylaxis after surgical evacuation were performed. Recurrence after MMA embolization requiring further treatment occurred in 7 cases (3.6%). All other patients had symptomatic relief with no further recurrence. No procedure-related complications were reported. Polyvinyl alcohol was the most commonly used material. Our series included 8 patients treated with Onyx. All had symptom relief and significant reduction in hematoma size; no recurrences or procedure-related complications were observed.

Conclusions: MMA embolization of CSDH is safe and effective for CSDH treatment based on a documented recurrence rate of 3.6% and lack of reported complications.

Keywords: Chronic subdural hematoma; Embolization; Endovascular treatment; Middle meningeal artery.