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Meta-Analysis
. 2019 Mar 19;3(3):CD012287.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012287.pub2.

Family-based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people

Conor Gilligan  1 , Luke Wolfenden, David R Foxcroft, Amanda J Williams, Melanie Kingsland, Rebecca K Hodder, Emily Stockings, Tameka-Rae McFadyen, Jenny Tindall, Shauna Sherker, Julie Rae, John Wiggers
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Family-based prevention programmes for alcohol use in young people

Conor Gilligan et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Alcohol use in young people is a risk factor for a range of short- and long-term harms and is a cause of concern for health services, policy-makers, youth workers, teachers, and parents.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of universal, selective, and indicated family-based prevention programmes in preventing alcohol use or problem drinking in school-aged children (up to 18 years of age).Specifically, on these outcomes, the review aimed:• to assess the effectiveness of universal family-based prevention programmes for all children up to 18 years ('universal interventions');• to assess the effectiveness of selective family-based prevention programmes for children up to 18 years at elevated risk of alcohol use or problem drinking ('selective interventions'); and• to assess the effectiveness of indicated family-based prevention programmes for children up to 18 years who are currently consuming alcohol, or who have initiated use or regular use ('indicated interventions').

Search methods: We identified relevant evidence from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (Ovid 1966 to June 2018), Embase (1988 to June 2018), Education Resource Information Center (ERIC; EBSCOhost; 1966 to June 2018), PsycINFO (Ovid 1806 to June 2018), and Google Scholar. We also searched clinical trial registers and handsearched references of topic-related systematic reviews and the included studies.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs (C-RCTs) involving the parents of school-aged children who were part of the general population with no known risk factors (universal interventions), were at elevated risk of alcohol use or problem drinking (selective interventions), or were already consuming alcohol (indicated interventions). Psychosocial or educational interventions involving parents with or without involvement of children were compared with no intervention, or with alternate (e.g. child only) interventions, allowing experimental isolation of parent components.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: We included 46 studies (39,822 participants), with 27 classified as universal, 12 as selective, and seven as indicated. We performed meta-analyses according to outcome, including studies reporting on the prevalence, frequency, or volume of alcohol use. The overall quality of evidence was low or very low, and there was high, unexplained heterogeneity.Upon comparing any family intervention to no intervention/standard care, we found no intervention effect on the prevalence (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.08 to 0.08; studies = 12; participants = 7490; I² = 57%; low-quality evidence) or frequency (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.83 to 0.21; studies = 8; participants = 1835; I² = 96%; very low-quality evidence) of alcohol use in comparison with no intervention/standard care. The effect of any parent/family interventions on alcohol consumption volume compared with no intervention/standard care was very small (SMD -0.14, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.00; studies = 5; participants = 1825; I² = 42%; low-quality evidence).When comparing parent/family and adolescent interventions versus interventions with young people alone, we found no difference in alcohol use prevalence (SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.91 to 0.14; studies = 4; participants = 5640; I² = 99%; very low-quality evidence) or frequency (SMD -0.16, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.09; studies = 4; participants = 915; I² = 73%; very low-quality evidence). For this comparison, no trials reporting on the volume of alcohol use could be pooled in meta-analysis.In general, the results remained consistent in separate subgroup analyses of universal, selective, and indicated interventions. No adverse effects were reported.

Authors' conclusions: The results of this review indicate that there are no clear benefits of family-based programmes for alcohol use among young people. Patterns differ slightly across outcomes, but overall, the variation, heterogeneity, and number of analyses performed preclude any conclusions about intervention effects. Additional independent studies are required to strengthen the evidence and clarify the marginal effects observed.

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Conflict of interest statement

This work was conducted in partnership between researchers from the University of Newcastle (Australia), and Oxford Brookes University (UK).

DFs department has received funding from the alcohol industry for adapting and evaluating a family‐based prevention programme ‐ the ISFP. The adapted version was evaluated in large‐scale randomised controlled trials in Wales, funded by the UK Medical Research Council, and in Poland, funded by the Polish National Bureau for Drug Prevention.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Parent/family intervention vs control_2, outcome: 1.1 Alcohol use_Prevalence.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Parent/family intervention vs control_2, outcome: 1.5 Subgroup_universal_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Parent/family intervention vs control_2, outcome: 1.8 Subgroup_>12 months_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 1 Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 2 Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 3 Alcohol use_Volume.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 4 Sensitivity_RoB_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 5 Subgroup_universal_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 6 Subgroup_selective/indicated_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 7 Subgroup_low intensity_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 8 Subgroup_>12 months_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 9 Subgroup_ethnicity minority_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 10 Subgroup_ethnicity majority/caucasian_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 11 Subgroup_no weekly or heavy drinking_Alcohol use_Prevalence.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 12 Sensitivity_RoB_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 13 Subgroup_universal_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 14 Subgroup_selective/indicated_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 15 Subgroup_>12 months_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 16 Subgroup_ethnicity minority_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 17 Subgroup_ethnicity majority/caucasian_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 18 Subgroup_no binge_Alcohol use_Frequency.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 19 Sensitivity_RoB_Alcohol use_Volume.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 20 Subgroup_universal_Alcohol use_Volume.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 21 Subgroup_selective/indicated_Alcohol use_Volume.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 22 Subgroup_>12 months_Alcohol use_Volume.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 23 Subgroup_ethnicity_minority_Alcohol use_Volume.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 24 Subgroup_ethnicity majority/caucasian_Alcohol use_Volume.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Any parent/family intervention vs no intervention/standard care, Outcome 25 Subgroup_female only_Alcohol use_Volume.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 1 Alcohol use_prevalence.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 2 Alcohol use_frequency.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 3 Sensitivity_RoB_Alcohol use_prevalence.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 4 Subgroup_universal_Alcohol use_prevalence.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 5 Sensitivity_RoB_Alcohol use_frequency.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 6 Subgroup_universal_Alcohol use_frequency.
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Family‐based and adolescent intervention vs intervention with young people alone, Outcome 7 Subgroup_indicated_Alcohol use_frequency.
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Wu 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wu Y, Stanton BF, Galbraith J, Kaljee L, Cottrell L, Li X, et al. Sustaining and broadening intervention impact: a longitudinal randomized trial of 3 adolescent risk reduction approaches. Pediatrics 2003;111(1):e32‐8. - PubMed
Wurdak 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wurdak M, Kuntsche E, Wolstein J. Effectiveness of an email‐based intervention helping parents to enhance alcohol‐related parenting skills and reduce their children’s alcohol consumption – a randomised controlled trial. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2017;24(2):144‐51.

References to studies excluded from this review

Adolfsen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Adolfsen F, Strom HK, Martinussen M, Handegard BH, Natvig H, Eisemann M, et al. Parent participation in alcohol prevention: evaluation of an alcohol prevention programme. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2017;34(6):456‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Allen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Allen D, Coombes L, Foxcroft DR. Cultural accommodation of the Strengthening Families Programme 10‐14: UK Phase I study. Health Education Research 2007;22(4):547‐60. - PubMed
Andreasson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Andreasson S, Sjostrom E, Branstrom R. A six‐community prevention trial to reduce alcohol and drug use‐related problems in Sweden: planning and early findings. Substance Use & Misuse 2007;42(12‐13):2017‐27. - PubMed
Anonymous 2013 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. The impact of an alcohol education program using social norming. Kentucky Nurse 2013;61(1):9. - PubMed
Barrett 2012 {published data only}
    1. Barrett EL, Newton NC, Teesson M, Slade T, Conrod P. Modifying the personality‐targeted 'preventure' program for use with Australian adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:350A.
Bauman 2001 {published data only}
    1. Bauman KE, Ennett ST, Foshee VA, Pemberton M, Hicks K. Correlates of participation in a family‐directed tobacco and alcohol prevention program for adolescents. Health Education & Behavior 2001;28(4):440‐61. - PubMed
Bauman 2001a {published data only}
    1. Bauman KE, Foshee VA, Ennett ST, Hicks K, Pemberton M. Family Matters: a family‐directed program designed to prevent adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Health Promotion Practice 2001;2(1):81‐96.
Biglan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Biglan A, Ary DV, Smolkowski K, Duncan T, Black C. A randomised controlled trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tobacco Control 2000;9(1):24‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Bobrowski 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bobrowski KJ, Pisarska A, Staszewski KO, Borucka A. [Effectiveness of alcohol prevention program for pre‐adolescents]. Psychiatria Polska 2014;48(3):527‐39. - PubMed
Brody 2004 {published data only}
    1. Brody GH, Murry VM, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Molgaard V, McNair L, et al. The Strong African American Families Program: translating research into prevention programming. Child Development 2004;75(3):900‐17. - PubMed
Brody 2005 {published data only}
    1. Brody GH, McBride MV, McNair L, Chen Y, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, et al. Linking changes in parenting to parent‐child relationship quality and youth self‐control: the Strong African American Families program. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2005;15(1):47‐69.
Brown 2014 {published data only}
    1. Brown PC, Dunn ME, Budney AJ. Development and initial evaluation of a web‐based program to increase parental awareness and monitoring of underage alcohol use: a brief report. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2014;23(2):109‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Byrnes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Byrnes HF, Miller BA, Aalborg AE, Plasencia AV, Keagy CD. Implementation fidelity in adolescent family‐based prevention programs: relationship to family engagement. Health Education Research 2010;25(4):531‐41. - PMC - PubMed
Calabria 2013 {published data only}
    1. Calabria B, Clifford A, Shakeshaft A, Allan J, Bliss D, Doran C. The acceptability to Aboriginal Australians of a family‐based intervention to reduce alcohol‐related harms. Drug and Alcohol Review 2013;32(3):328‐32. - PubMed
Chilenski 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chilenski SM, Welsh JA, Perkins DF, Feinberg ME, Greenberg MT. Universal prevention exposure as a moderator of the community context: findings from the PROSPER project. American Journal of Community Psychology 2016;57(1‐2):8‐19. - PMC - PubMed
Cohen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Cohen DA, Linton KL. Parent participation in an adolescent drug abuse prevention program. Journal of Drug Education 1995;25(2):159‐69. - PubMed
Connell 2007 {published data only}
    1. Connell AM, Dishion TJ, Yasui M, Kavanagh K. An adaptive approach to family intervention: linking engagement in family‐centered intervention to reductions in adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2007;75(4):568‐79. - PubMed
Conrod 2009 {published data only}
    1. Conrod PJ, Castellanos N. Two‐year drinking outcomes from the Preventure trial: a randomised controlled trial of personality‐targeted interventions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2009;33:41A.
Conrod 2011 {published data only}
    1. Conrod PJ, O'Leary‐Barrett M, Newton N, Topper L, Castellanos‐RN, MacKie C. Indirect, population‐level effects of a selective youth alcohol prevention programme. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2011;35:316A.
DeGarmo 2009 {published data only}
    1. DeGarmo DS, Eddy JM, Reid JB, Fetrow RA. Evaluating mediators of the impact of the Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT) multimodal preventive intervention on substance use initiation and growth across adolescence. Prevention Science 2009;10(3):208‐20. - PMC - PubMed
de Leeuw 2014 {published data only}
    1. Leeuw RN, Kleinjan M, Lammers J, Lokman S, Engels RC. The effectiveness of the 'Healthy School and Drugs' project for primary schools. Kind en Adolescent 2014;35(1):2‐21.
Donovan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Donovan E, Wood M, Frayjo K, Black RA, Surette DA. A randomized, controlled trial to test the efficacy of an online, parent‐based intervention for reducing the risks associated with college‐student alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors 2012;37(1):25‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Ennett 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ennett ST, Bauman KE, Pemberton M, Foshee VA, Chuang YC, King TS, et al. Mediation in a family‐directed program for prevention of adolescent tobacco and alcohol use. Preventive Medicine 2001;33(4):333‐46. - PubMed
Epstein 2008 {published data only}
    1. Epstein JA, Griffin KW, Botvin GJ. A social influence model of alcohol use for inner‐city adolescents: family drinking, perceived drinking norms, and perceived social benefits of drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2008;69(3):397‐405. - PubMed
Faggiano 2007 {published data only}
    1. Faggiano F, Richardson C, Bohrn K, Galanti MR, Group EU‐Dap Study. A cluster randomized controlled trial of school‐based prevention of tobacco, alcohol and drug use: the EU‐Dap design and study population. Preventive Medicine 2007;44(2):170‐3. - PubMed
Fernandez 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez AC, Wood MD, Laforge R, Black JT. Randomized trials of alcohol‐use interventions with college students and their parents: lessons from the Transitions Project. Clinical Trials 2011;8(2):205‐13. - PMC - PubMed
French 2008 {published data only}
    1. French MT, Zavala SK, McCollister KE, Waldron HB, Turner CW, Ozechowski TJ. Cost‐effectiveness analysis of four interventions for adolescents with a substance use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2008;34(3):272‐81. - PMC - PubMed
Gerrard 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gerrard M, Gibbons FX, Brody GH, Murry VM, Cleveland MJ, Wills TA. A theory‐based dual‐focus alcohol intervention for preadolescents: the Strong African American Families Program. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2006;20(2):185‐95. - PubMed
Gordon 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gordon J, Biglan A, Smolkowski K. The impact on tobacco use of branded youth anti‐tobacco activities and family communications about tobacco. Prevention Science 2008;9(2):73‐87. - PMC - PubMed
Grossbard 2010 {published data only}
    1. Grossbard JR, Mastroleo NR, Kilmer JR, Lee CM, Turrisi R, Larimer ME, et al. Substance use patterns among first‐year college students: secondary effects of a combined alcohol intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;39(4):384‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Haggerty 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haggerty KP, MacKenzie EP, Skinner ML, Harachi TW, Catalano RF. Participation in "Parents Who Care": predicting program initiation and exposure in two different program formats. Journal of Primary Prevention 2006;27(1):47‐65. - PubMed
Hallgren 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hallgren MA, Sjolund T, Kallmen H, Andreasson S. Modifying alcohol consumption among high school students: an efficacy trial of an alcohol risk reduction program (PRIME for Life). Health Education 2011;111(3):216‐29.
Hawkins 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins JD, Oesterle S, Brown EC, Monahan KC, Abbott RD, Arthur MW, et al. Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the Communities That Care prevention system in a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2012;166(2):141‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Hogue 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hogue A, Dauber S, Samuolis J, Liddle HA. Treatment techniques and outcomes in multidimensional family therapy for adolescent behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology 2006;20(4):535‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Ingels 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ingels JB, Corso PS, Kogan SM, Brody GH. Cost‐effectiveness of the Strong African American Families‐teen program: 1‐year follow‐up. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2013;133(2):556‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Jackson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jackson C, Ennett ST, Reyes HL, Hayes KA, Dickinson DM, Choi S, et al. Reducing children's susceptibility to alcohol use: effects of a home‐based parenting program. Prevention Science 2016;17(5):615‐25. - PubMed
Jones 2007 {published data only}
    1. Jones DJ, Foster SE, Olson AL, Forehand RL, Gaffney CA, Zens MS, et al. Longitudinal retention of families in the assessment of a prevention program targeting adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: the utility of an ecological systems framework. Behavior Modification 2007;31(5):638‐58. - PubMed
Komro 2006 {published data only}
    1. Komro KA, Perry CL, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Farbakhsh K, Kugler KC, Alfano KA, et al. Cross‐cultural adaptation and evaluation of a home‐based program for alcohol use prevention among urban youth: the "Slick Tracy Home Team Program". Journal of Primary Prevention 2006;27(2):135‐54. - PubMed
Komro 2017 {published data only}
    1. Komro KA, Livingston MD, Wagenaar AC, Kominsky TK, Pettigrew DW, Garrett BA, et al. Multilevel prevention trial of alcohol use among American Indian and white high school students in the Cherokee nation. American Journal of Public Health 2017;107(3):453‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Koning 2011 {published data only}
    1. Koning IM, Eijnden RJ, Engels RC, Verdurmen JE, Vollebergh WA. Why target early adolescents and parents in alcohol prevention? The mediating effects of self‐control, rules and attitudes about alcohol use. Addiction 2011;106(3):538‐46. - PubMed
Koning 2012 {published data only}
    1. Koning IM, Verdurmen JE, Engels RC, Eijnden RJ, Vollebergh WA. Differential impact of a Dutch alcohol prevention program targeting adolescents and parents separately and simultaneously: low self‐control and lenient parenting at baseline predict effectiveness. Prevention Science 2012;13(3):278‐87. - PMC - PubMed
Koning 2014 {published data only}
    1. Koning IM, Eijnden RJJM, Vollebergh WAM. Alcohol‐specific parenting, adolescents' self‐control, and alcohol use: a moderated mediation model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 2014;75(1):16‐23. - PubMed
Koning 2015 {published data only}
    1. Koning IM, Maric M, MacKinnon D, Vollebergh WA. Effects of a combined parent‐student alcohol prevention program on intermediate factors and adolescents' drinking behavior: a sequential mediation model. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2015;83(4):719‐27. - PubMed
Koning 2016 {published data only}
    1. Koning IM, Vollebergh WAM. Secondary effects of an alcohol prevention program targeting students and/or parents. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2016;67:55‐60. - PubMed
Kosterman 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Haggerty KP, Spoth R, Redmond C. Preparing for the drug free years: session‐specific effects of a universal parent‐training intervention with rural families. Journal of Drug Education 2001;31(1):47‐68. - PubMed
Koutakis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Koutakis N, Stattin H, Kerr M. Reducing youth alcohol drinking through a parent‐targeted intervention: the Orebro prevention program. Addiction 2008;103(10):1629‐37. - PubMed
Liddle 2001 {published data only}
    1. Liddle HA, Dakof GA, Parker K, Diamond GS, Barrett K, Tejeda M. Multidimiensional family therapy for adolescent drug abuse: results of a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2001;27(4):651‐88. - PubMed
Litrownik 2000 {published data only}
    1. Litrownik AJ, Elder JP, Campbell NR, Ayala GX, Slymen DJ, Parra‐Medina D, et al. Evaluation of a tobacco and alcohol use prevention program for Hispanic migrant adolescents: promoting the protective factor of parent‐child communication. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(2 Pt 1):124‐33. - PubMed
Lowman 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lowman C. Developing effective evidence‐based interventions for adolescents with alcohol use disorders. Addiction 2004;99(Suppl 2):1‐4. - PubMed
Malmberg 2014 {published data only}
    1. Malmberg M, Kleinjan M, Overbeek G, Vermulst A, Monshouwer K, Lammers J, et al. Effectiveness of the 'Healthy School and Drugs' prevention programme on adolescents' substance use: a randomized clustered trial. Addiction 2014;109(6):1031‐40. - PubMed
Mares 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mares SH, Vorst H, Lichtwarck‐Aschoff A, Schulten I, Verdurmen JE, Otten R, et al. Effectiveness of the home‐based alcohol prevention program "In control: no alcohol!": study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:622. - PMC - PubMed
McGillicuddy 2015 {published data only}
    1. McGillicuddy NB, Rychtarik RG, Papandonatos GD. Skill training versus 12‐step facilitation for parents of substance‐abusing teens. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2015;50:11‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Newton 2012 {published data only}
    1. Newton NC, Teesson M, Conrod P, Slade T, Barrett EL. Developing the cap intervention: a comprehensive model for alcohol and drug prevention. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2012;36:350A.
Pentz 1989 {published data only}
    1. Pentz MA, Dwyer JH, MacKinnon DP, Flay BR, Hansen WB, Wang EY, et al. A multicommunity trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse. Effects on drug use prevalence. JAMA 1989;261(22):3259‐66. - PubMed
Perry 1993 {published data only}
    1. Perry CL, Williams CL, Forster JL, Wolfson M, Wagenaar AC, Finnegan JR, et al. Background, conceptualization and design of a community‐wide research program on adolescent alcohol use: Project Northland. Health Education Research 1993;8(1):125‐36. - PubMed
Perry 1996 {published data only}
    1. Perry CL, Williams CL, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Toomey TL, Komro KA, Anstine PS, et al. Project Northland: outcomes of a communitywide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health 1996;86(7):956‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Perry 2000 {published data only}
    1. Perry CL, Williams CL, Komro KA, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Forster JL, Bernstein‐Lachter R, et al. Project Northland high school interventions: community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use. Health Education & Behavior 2000;27(1):29‐49. - PubMed
Perry 2002 {published data only}
    1. Perry CL, Williams CL, Komro KA, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Stigler MH, Munson KA, et al. Project Northland: long‐term outcomes of community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use. Health Education Research 2002;17(1):117‐32. - PubMed
Romero 2017 {published data only}
    1. Romero E, Rodriguez C, Villar P, Gomez‐Fraguela A. Intervention on early‐onset conduct problems as indicated prevention for substance use: a seven‐year follow up [Intervención sobre problemas de conductatempranos como prevención indicada del consumode drogas: siete años de seguimiento]. Adicciones 2017;29(3):150‐62. - PubMed
Rowe 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rowe CL, Liddle HA. Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent alcohol abusers. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 2008;26(1‐2):105‐23.
Shortt 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shortt AL, Hutchinson DM, Chapman R, Toumbourou JW. Family, school, peer and individual influences on early adolescent alcohol use: first‐year impact of the Resilient Families programme. Drug & Alcohol Review 2007;26(6):625‐34. - PubMed
Simons‐Morton 2005 {published data only}
    1. Simons‐Morton B, Haynie D, Saylor K, Crump AD, Chen R. The effects of the Going Places program on early adolescent substance use and antisocial behavior. Prevention Science 2005;6(3):187‐97. - PubMed
Simons‐Morton 2005a {published data only}
    1. Simons‐Morton B, Haynie D, Saylor K, Crump AD, Chen R. Impact analysis and mediation of outcomes: the Going Places program. Health Education & Behavior 2005;32(2):227‐41. - PubMed
Spoth 2002a {published data only}
    1. Spoth RL, Guyll M, Day SX. Universal family‐focused interventions in alcohol‐use disorder prevention: cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefit analyses of two interventions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2002;63(2):219‐28. - PubMed
Spoth 2007 {published data only}
    1. Spoth R, Redmond C, Shin C, Greenberg M, Clair S, Feinberg M. Substance‐use outcomes at 18 months past baseline: the PROSPER Community‐University Partnership Trial [Erratum appears in American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015 Jan;48(1):120]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32(5):395‐402. - PMC - PubMed
Spoth 2013 {published data only}
    1. Spoth R, Redmond C, Shin C, Greenberg M, Feinberg M, Schainker L. PROSPER community‐university partnership delivery system effects on substance misuse through 6 1/2 years past baseline from a cluster randomized controlled intervention trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;56(3‐4):190‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Spoth 2014 {published data only}
    1. Spoth R, Trudeau L, Redmond C, Shin C. Replication RCT of early universal prevention effects on young adult substance misuse. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2014;82(6):949‐63. - PMC - PubMed
Stanton 2004 {published data only}
    1. Stanton B, Cole M, Galbraith J, Li X, Pendleton S, Cottrel L, et al. Randomized trial of a parent intervention: parents can make a difference in long‐term adolescent risk behaviors, perceptions, and knowledge. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(10):947‐55. - PubMed
Stigler 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stigler MH, Perry CL, Komro KA, Cudeck R, Williams CL. Teasing apart a multiple component approach to adolescent alcohol prevention: what worked in Project Northland?. Prevention Science 2006;7(3):269‐80. - PubMed
Teesson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Teesson M, Newton N, Slade T, Conrod P. An integrated approach to substance use prevention for high‐and low‐risk youth: the CAP intervention. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2013;37:148A.
Tomczyk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tomczyk S, Hanewinkel R, Isensee B. 'Klar bleiben': a school‐based alcohol prevention programme for German adolescents ‐ study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2015;5(11):e010141. - PMC - PubMed
Turrisi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Turrisi R, Mallett KA, Cleveland MJ, Varvil‐Weld L, Abar C, Scaglione N, et al. Evaluation of timing and dosage of a parent‐based intervention to minimize college students' alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs 2013;74(1):30‐40. - PMC - PubMed
University of Minnesota 2015 {published data only}
    1. University of Minnesota Clinical, Translational Science Institute, National Cancer Institute. Family‐skills training to prevent tobacco and other substance use in Latino youth. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01442753 2015.
University of Minnesota 2018 {published data only}
    1. University of Minnesota, Clinical and Translational Science Institute. Latino fathers promoting healthy youth behaviors. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01442753 2018.
University of Rhode Island 2011 {published data only}
    1. University of Rhode Island. Tailored interventions to prevent substance abuse. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01442753 2011.
Valentine 1998 {published data only}
    1. Valentine J, Gottlieb B, Keel S, Griffith J, Ruthazer R. Measuring the effectiveness of the Urban Youth Connection: the case for dose‐response modeling to demonstrate the impact of an adolescent substance abuse prevention program. Journal of Primary Prevention 1998; Vol. 18, issue 3:363‐87.
Verdurmen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Verdurmen JE, Koning IM, Vollebergh WA, Eijnden RJ, Engels RC. Risk moderation of a parent and student preventive alcohol intervention by adolescent and family factors: a cluster randomized trial. Preventive Medicine 2014;60:88‐94. - PubMed
Vermeulen‐Smit 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vermeulen‐Smit E, Mares SHW, Verdurmen JEE, Vorst H, Schulten IGH, Engels RCME, et al. Mediation and moderation effects of an in‐home family intervention: the “In control: No alcohol!” pilot study. Prevention Science 2014;15(5):633‐42. - PubMed
Veronneau 2016 {published data only}
    1. Veronneau M‐H, Dishion TJ, Connell AM, Kavanagh K. A randomized, controlled trial of the family check‐up model in public secondary schools: examining links between parent engagement and substance use progressions from early adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84(6):526‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Watson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Watson J, Toner P, Day E, Back D, Brady LM, Fairhurst C, et al. Youth Social Behaviour and Network Therapy (Y‐SBNT): adaptation of a family and social network intervention for young people who misuse alcohol and drugs ‐ a randomised controlled feasibility trial. Health Technology Assessment 2017;21(15):1‐259. - PMC - PubMed
Werch 1998 {published data only}
    1. Werch CE, Pappas DM, Carlson JM, DiClemente CC. Short‐ and long‐term effects of a pilot prevention program to reduce alcohol consumption. Substance Use & Misuse 1998;33(11):2303‐21. - PubMed
Werch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Werch CE, Pappas DM, Carlson JM, DiClemente CC. Six‐month outcomes of an alcohol prevention program for inner‐city youth. American Journal of Health Promotion 1999;13(4):237‐40, iii. - PubMed
Werch 2003 {published data only}
    1. Werch CE, Owen DM, Carlson JM, DiClemente CC, Edgemon P, Moore M. One‐year follow‐up results of the STARS for Families alcohol prevention program. Health Education Research 2003;18(1):74‐87. - PubMed
Werch 2010 {published data only}
    1. Werch CE, Bian H, Diclemente CC, Moore MJ, Thombs D, Ames SC, et al. A brief image‐based prevention intervention for adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(1):170‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Williams 1995 {published data only}
    1. Williams CL, Perry CL, Dudovitz B, Veblen‐Mortenson S, Anstine PS, Komro KA, et al. A home‐based prevention program for sixth‐grade alcohol use: results from Project Northland. Journal of Primary Prevention 1995;16(2):125‐47. - PubMed
Williams 2001 {published data only}
    1. Williams CL, Grechanaia T, Romanova O, Komro KA, Perry CL, Farbakhsh K. Russian‐American Partners for Prevention. Adaptation of a school‐based parent‐child programme for alcohol use prevention. European Journal of Public Health 2001;11(3):314‐21. - PubMed
Wolchik 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wolchik SA, Millsap RE. Group based interventions for mothers and mothers plus children reduced mental health problems in adolescent children of divorced parents. Evidence Based Nursing 2003; Vol. 6:74. - PubMed
Zanetta 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zanetta R, Moacyr R, Lancarotte I. Bringing up students in the Healthy Lifestyle Multiplier Students program, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Preventing Chronic Disease 2008;5(3):A98. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Danielson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Danielson CK. Reducing risk for substance use problems among adolescents with a child maltreatment history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(10 Suppl 1):S293.
Ford 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ford CA, Mirman JH, Garcia‐Espana JF, Friedrich E, Thiel MCF. Influence of primary care‐based parent‐targeted intervention on parent‐teen communication about sexual and alcohol behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health. Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine Annual Meeting 2018. United States, 2018; Vol. 62 (Suppl 1):S33‐S34.
Noel 2015 {published data only}
    1. Noel V, Stanger C, Budney AJ. Parent tobacco use, monitoring, and impulsive decision making: predictors of post treatment youth substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;146:e53.
Winters 2015 {published data only}
    1. Winters K. Parents as interventionists to address adolescent drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;156:e240.

References to ongoing studies

Allen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Allen ML, Garcia‐Huidobro D, Hurtado GA, Allen R, Davey CS, Forster JL, et al. Immigrant family skills‐building to prevent tobacco use in Latino youth: study protocol for a community‐based participatory randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:242. - PMC - PubMed
Bukstein 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bukstein O. Home‐based Behavioral Therapy (HBT): Psychosocial Intervention Project for Early Adolescents With Pre‐ or Early Substance Use Disorder: Phase II. ClinicalTrials.gov 2006.
Conrod 2017 {published data only}
    1. Conrod P. Inter‐Venture: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effect of School‐based Personality‐targeted Interventions and Collaborative Youth Mental Health Care. ClinicalTrials.gov 2017.
Ford 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ford C. A Pilot Efficacy and Implementation Study of the Patients, Parents and Professionals Partnering to Improve Adolescent Health (P4) Intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov 2015.
Hops 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hops H. Early Intervention for Minors in Possession of Alcohol/Drugs: A Feasibility Study. ClinicalTrials.gov 2016.
Kogan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kogan S. Strong African American Families STEPS Project (SAAF‐STEPS). ClinicalTrials.gov July 2018.
McCart 2017 {published data only}
    1. McCart M. Experimental Mediation Research Aimed at Enhancing Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov 2017, updated June 2018.
Mello 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mello M. An e‐Parenting Skills Intervention to Decrease Injured Adolescents' Alcohol Use. ClinicalTrials.gov 2016, updated April 2018.
Miller 2009 {published data only}
    1. Miller B. Adolescent Family‐Based Alcohol Prevention. ClinicalTrials.gov 2009.
Miller 2018 {published data only}
    1. Miller B. Family Based Prevention of Alcohol and Risky Sex for Older Teens. ClinicalTrials.gov May 2018.
Rowe 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rowe C. Family Intervention for Teen Drinking and Alcohol‐Related Crises in the ER. ClinicalTrials.gov 2010.
Segrott 2014 {published data only}
    1. Segrott J, Gillespie D, Holliday J, Humphreys I, Murphy S, Phillips C, et al. Preventing substance misuse: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of the Strengthening Families Programme 10‐14 UK (SFP 10‐14 UK). BMC Public Health 2014;14:49. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-49; Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN63550893] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sheidow 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sheidow A. Improving Access to Substance Abuse Evidence‐Based Practices for Youth in the Justice System: Strategies Used by JPOs. ClinicalTrials.gov 2017, updated April 2018.
Spirito 2017b {published data only}
    1. Spirito A. Computer‐Assisted Brief Intervention Protocol for Marijuana Using Juvenile Offenders. ClinicalTrials.gov 2017, updated January 2018.
Stanton 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stanton M. Family and Group Therapies for Adolescent Alcohol Abuse. ClinicalTrials.gov 2007.
Whitbeck 2016 {published data only}
    1. Whitbeck L. A Randomized Control Trial (RCT) of a Family‐Centered Ojibwe Substance Abuse Prevention. ClinicalTrials.gov 2016.

Additional references

Aiken 2018
    1. Aiken A, Clare P, Wadolowski M, Hutchinson D, Najman J, Slade T, et al. Age of alcohol initiation and progression to binge drinking in adolescence: a prospective cohort study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2018;42(1):100‐10. - PubMed
Alati 2014
    1. Alati R, Baker P, Betts K, Connor J, Little K, Sanson A, et al. The role of parental alcohol use, parental discipline and antisocial behaviour on adolescent drinking trajectories. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014;134:178‐184. - PubMed
Bava 2010
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References to other published versions of this review

Foxcroft 2011a
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