Intrusive social images in individuals with high and low social anxiety: a multi-method analysis

Abstract

Background: Models of social anxiety suggest that intrusive images/memories are common in social anxiety and contribute to the maintenance of social anxiety.

Aims: We examined the context and phenomenological features of intrusive social images using quantitative and qualitative measures across various levels of social anxiety.

Method: Undergraduate students (n = 191) completed measures of social anxiety (i.e. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale) and wrote a description of an intrusive social image. Individuals who reported an intrusive social image (n = 77) rated the frequency, interference and phenomenological (e.g. vividness, emotional intensity) characteristics of the image. A content analysis of the intrusive image narratives was completed by independent raters.

Results: High social anxiety (HSA) increased the likelihood and frequency of experiencing intrusive images, and to some extent the interference caused by these images. However, the characteristics of these images with regard to their content and quality were similar across levels of social anxiety. Among participants who provided narratives, HSA individuals (n = 34) did not differ from low socially anxious (LSA) individuals (n = 28) in themes that reflect concerns about their own thoughts, actions and behaviours. However, HSA individuals reported greater concerns about how other individuals would react, and their intrusive images were often from an observer perspective when compared with LSA individuals.

Conclusions: These results are interpreted in relation to cognitive models of emotion, memory and cognitive behavioural models of social anxiety.

Keywords: content analysis; intrusive imagery; qualitative methods; social anxiety.