Nano-based approach to combat emerging viral (NIPAH virus) infection

Abstract

Emergence of new virus and their heterogeneity are growing at an alarming rate. Sudden outburst of Nipah virus (NiV) has raised serious question about their instant management using conventional medication and diagnostic measures. A coherent strategy with versatility and comprehensive perspective to confront the rising distress could perhaps be effectuated by implementation of nanotechnology. But in concurrent to resourceful and precise execution of nano-based medication, there is an ultimate need of concrete understanding of the NIV pathogenesis. Moreover, to amplify the effectiveness of nano-based approach in a conquest against NiV, a list of developed nanosystem with antiviral activity is also a prerequisite. Therefore the present review provides a meticulous cognizance of cellular and molecular pathogenesis of NiV. Conventional as well several nano-based diagnosis experimentations against viruses have been discussed. Lastly, potential efficacy of different forms of nano-based systems as convenient means to shield mankind against NiV has also been introduced.

Keywords: Antiviral; Diagnostics; Nanomedicine; Nipah virus; Virucide.

Graphical abstract

Figure 1

General representation of Nipah virus infection and pathological features.

Figure 2

(A) Viral attachment via interaction between G protein and cell surface receptor Ephrin B2/B3, (B) Interaction between G protein with receptor Ephrin B2/B3 and F protein, (C) Multinucleated giant endothelial cells due to homologous fusion of epithelial cells, (D) Multinucleated giant cell formation due to heterologous fusion of infected epithelial cell and stromal cell. The concept was derived from Wynne et al (2016).

Figure 3

Immune response to viral infection (A) Infected endothelial cell, (B) Infected Macrophage, (C) Infected stromal cell, (D) Schematic representation of immune suppressing mechanism of NiV proteins. The concept was taken from Prescott et al (2012); de Weerd and Nguyen (2012); Welsh et al (2012); Au-Yeung et al (2013); Basler (2012); Tanguy et al (2017).

Figure 4

Speculated role of nanoparticles at different stages of NiV pathogenesis, (A) Inhibition of initial attachment and membrane fusion during viral entry, (B) Inhibition of infected cell NiV-G protein interaction with Ephrin B2/B3 of a healthy cell and activated NiV-G protein's C-terminus region mediated activation of NiV-F, (C) Activation of AKT, (D) Activation of p53 phosphorylation, (E) Inhibition of viral transcription, translation and replication, (F) Modulation of viral transcription.