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. 2019 Jul;62(7):1143-1153.
doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4850-0. Epub 2019 Mar 23.

Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: an observational cohort study of 186 pregnancies

Karl Kristensen  1   2   3 , Linda E Ögge  4   5 , Verena Sengpiel  4   5 , Karin Kjölhede  4   5 , Annika Dotevall  5   6 , Anders Elfvin  5   7 , Filip K Knop  8   9 , Nana Wiberg  10   11 , Anastasia Katsarou  12   13 , Nael Shaat  12   13 , Lars Kristensen  14 , Kerstin Berntorp  12   13
Affiliations

Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes: an observational cohort study of 186 pregnancies

Karl Kristensen et al. Diabetologia. 2019 Jul.

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to analyse patterns of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data for associations with large for gestational age (LGA) infants and an adverse neonatal composite outcome (NCO) in pregnancies in women with type 1 diabetes.

Methods: This was an observational cohort study of 186 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes in Sweden. The interstitial glucose readings from 92 real-time (rt) CGM and 94 intermittently viewed (i) CGM devices were used to calculate mean glucose, SD, CV%, time spent in target range (3.5-7.8 mmol/l), mean amplitude of glucose excursions and also high and low blood glucose indices (HBGI and LBGI, respectively). Electronic records provided information on maternal demographics and neonatal outcomes. Associations between CGM indices and neonatal outcomes were analysed by stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders.

Results: The number of infants born LGA was similar in rtCGM and iCGM users (52% vs 53%). In the combined group, elevated mean glucose levels in the second and the third trimester were significantly associated with LGA (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.12, 2.08, and OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12, 2.19, respectively). Furthermore, a high percentage of time in target in the second and the third trimester was associated with lower risk of LGA (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94, 0.99 and OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95, 1.00, respectively). The same associations were found for mean glucose and for time in target and the risk of NCO in all trimesters. SD was significantly associated with LGA in the second trimester and with NCO in the third trimester. Glucose patterns did not differ between rtCGM and iCGM users except that rtCGM users had lower LBGI and spent less time below target.

Conclusions/interpretation: Higher mean glucose levels, higher SD and less time in target range were associated with increased risk of LGA and NCO. Despite the use of CGM throughout pregnancy, the day-to-day glucose control was not optimal and the incidence of LGA remained high.

Keywords: Continuous glucose monitoring; Fetal growth; Neonatal complications; Pregnancy; Type 1 diabetes.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mean ± SEM of time (%) in (a), above (b) and below (c) the target glucose range (3.5–7.8 mmol/l) in women with type 1 diabetes monitored by rtCGM (white) and iCGM (black) during pregnancy
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(a) Mean ± SEM of interstitial glucose levels during pregnancy in women with (white) and without (black) fetal overgrowth (LGA). (b) Mean ± SEM of interstitial glucose levels during pregnancy in women with (white) and without (black) short-term neonatal complications
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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