Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil

Abstract

Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora.

Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea, an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition.

Materials and methods: The physicochemical parameters of the seed oil obtained via Soxhlet extraction was determined while the fatty acid and non-fatty acid component were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays (10-50 µg/mL) while the anti-inflammatory property was determined through Cell Membrane Stabilization assay. The anti-parasite and cytotoxicity activity were evaluated (0-1000 µg/mL) using Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell line assays, respectively.

Results: The oil had fatty acids which ranged from C-12 to C-23 with linoleic (18:2) and palmitic acids (16:0) being dominant. The oil had 89.41% unsaturated fatty acids with sterolic acid, an uncommon acetylenic fatty acid reported for the first time. Non-fatty acids obtained include cholesterol (2.12%), campesterol (14.12%), stigmasterol (34.07%) and β-sitosterol (49.68%). The oil had a significantly (p < 0.05) low scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC₅₀ > 50 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid. In contrast, the oil showed better activity against ABTS radicals (IC₅₀ 44.19 ± 6.27 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid or quercetin. Furthermore, the oil showed anti-T. gondii and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HFF cells with selectivity index (IC₅₀/EC₅₀ < 1).

Discussion and conclusions: The antioxidant potential of the oil suggests that it may serve as a potential source for various preparations for pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.

Keywords: ABTS; DPPH; Fatty acid; cell membrane stabilization; fibroblast; sterolic acid; stigmasterol; β-sitosterol.

Figure 1.

Membrane stabilization potential of C. gigantea seed oil.

Figure 2.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of C. gigantea oil.

Figure 3.

(A,B) Anti-T. gondii activity of C. gigantea in the absence/presence of α-tocopherol (Trolox). Values are expressed as the Mean ± SEM (n = 3). Each experiment was in triplicates and performed three times independently. γ is significant at p < 0.0001 versus control.

Figure 4.

ROS level and mitoRed fluorescence intensity following 24 h treatment with C. gigantea; (A) In the absence of T. gondii infection; (B) In the presence of T. gondii infection; (C) In the absence of T. gondii infection; (D) In the presence of T. gondii infection. Values are expressed as the Mean ± SEM (n = 3). Each experiment was done in triplicates and performed three times independently. γ is significant at p < 0.0001 versus control.

Figure 5.

Cell viability of C. gigantea oil using HFF monolayers. Cell viability values were calculated relative to background values (0% viability) and the untreated negative control (100% viability). Staurosporine (1 µM) was included as positive control to validate the assay. Values are expressed as the Mean ± SEM (n = 3). Each experiment was in triplicates and performed three times independently.