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. 2019 Mar 23;19(6):1441.
doi: 10.3390/s19061441.

Spatial⁻Temporal Sensing and Utilization in Full Duplex Spectrum-Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks for the Internet of Things

Waqas Khalid  1 , Heejung Yu  2
Affiliations

Spatial⁻Temporal Sensing and Utilization in Full Duplex Spectrum-Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks for the Internet of Things

Waqas Khalid et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

The continuous growth of interconnected devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) presents a challenge in terms of network resources. Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technology thatcan address the IoT spectral demands by enabling an opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) scheme. The application of full duplex (FD) radios in spectrum sensing enables secondary users (SUs) to perform sensing and transmission simultaneously, and improves the utilization of the spectrum. However, random and dense distributions of FD-enabled SU transmitters (FD-SU TXs) with sensing capabilities in small-cell CR-IoT environments poses new challenges, and creates heterogeneous environments with different spectral opportunities. In this paper, we propose a spatial and temporal spectral-hole sensing framework for FD-SU TXs deployed in CR-IoT spectrum-heterogeneous environment. Incorporating the proposed sensing model, we present the analytical formulation and an evaluation of a utilization of spectrum (UoS) scheme for FD-SU TXs present at different spatialpositions. The numerical results are evaluated under different network and sensing parameters to examine the sensitivities of different parameters. It is demonstrated that self-interference, primary user activity level, and the sensing outcomes in spatial and temporal domains have a significant influence on the utilization performance of spectrum.

Keywords: IoT; cognitive radio; full duplex; spatial–temporal spectral-holes; spectrum sensing; utilization of spectrum.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Activity model for primary user (PU).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Network model with PU and full duplex-enabled secondary user transmitter (FD-SU TX).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time-slotted frame structure of FD-SU TXs.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Cognitive radio (CR)-Internet of Things (IoT) spectrum-heterogeneous environment.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Considered cases of FD-SU TXs.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Sensing performance of spatial–temporal spectral holes during the half duplex (HD) sensing slots.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Sensing performance of spatial–temporal spectral holes during the full duplex (FD) sensing slots.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Average number of secondary communicating sensing slots with different PU active state probabilities and SIS factors.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Average number of secondary communicating sensing slots with different PU active state probabilities and SIS factors (at different quality of service (QoS) constraint).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Average number of secondary communicating sensing slots with different PU mean OFF durations and SIS factors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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