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1 From the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., M.F., A.I., M.R., L.M.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
2 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (S.A.Q.).
3 Radiology (B.L.H., M.C.M.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
4 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (C.V.).
5 Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.T.T., M.L.K.).
6 Neurosurgery (H.Y.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
7 Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (M.T.L.).
8 Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (H.K.).
1 From the Departments of Neurology (A.Z., M.F., A.I., M.R., L.M.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
2 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (S.A.Q.).
3 Radiology (B.L.H., M.C.M.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
4 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (C.V.).
5 Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (A.T.T., M.L.K.).
6 Neurosurgery (H.Y.), University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
7 Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ (M.T.L.).
8 Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (H.K.).
Flow chart showing the management for the symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation…
Figure 1.
Flow chart showing the management for the symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) patients. AED indicates antiepileptic drug; and MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.
Figure 2.
A solitary cerebral cavernous malformation…
Figure 2.
A solitary cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) with characteristic hypointense ring on ( A …
Figure 2.
A solitary cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) with characteristic hypointense ring on (A) T2, (B) T2 *GRE, and (C) SWI. GRE indicates gradient recalled echo; and SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging.
Figure 3.
SWI is far more superior…
Figure 3.
SWI is far more superior to T2*-weighted GRE MRI ( B ) and…
Figure 3.
SWI is far more superior to T2*-weighted GRE MRI (B) and conventional T2 sequences (C) to detect smaller type-IV cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). Punctate hypointense lesions, black dots with blooming can be noticed both on SWI (A) and T2*-weighted GRE (B). The figure clearly demonstrates SWI to be more sensitive in identifying even small lesions in the same FCCM patient compared with T2*-weighted GRE which can identify most of the cavernomas except micro lesions. FCCM indicates familial cerebral cavernous malformation; GRE, gradient recalled echo; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; and SWI, susceptibility-weighted imaging.
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