Perceived underemployment and couple relationships among African American parents: A dyadic approach

Abstract

Objective: In the United States, underemployment is more common among ethnic minorities, especially African Americans. At the same time, African American couples are at higher risks of marital difficulties than other racial/ethnic groups. This study used a dyadic approach to examine implications of underemployment, as perceived by African American mothers and fathers, for their own and their partners' couple relationship experiences, including relational love and coparenting satisfaction. The vulnerability-stress-adaptation framework of couple relationships guided tests of moderation by depressive symptoms, work hours, workplace discrimination, and expressive personality.

Method: The sample included 164 African American dual-earner parents (mean age = 40.53 and 43.11 for mothers and fathers) who were interviewed on two occasions across two years. Actor-partner interdependence modeling was used for the analyses.

Results: Fathers' underemployment perceptions negatively predicted their own reports of love and coparenting satisfaction. Significant interactions indicated that the negative effects of fathers' perceived underemployment on their own relational love were stronger for fathers with more depressive symptoms, and, for less expressive mothers, on mothers' love and coparenting satisfaction. However, mothers' perceived underemployment was a positive predictor of mothers' love when they worked fewer hours and a negative predictor of mothers' coparenting satisfaction when they had high expressive personality.

Conclusion: Implications of underemployment experiences for couple relationships differ across gender and need to be considered in the context of partners' vulnerabilities, adaptive characteristics and other stressors. Findings advance understanding of underemployment and work-marriage linkages among African Americans, and highlight the utility of a dyadic approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Figure 1.

Fathers’ depressive symptoms moderate the link between their reports of relational love and underemployment.

Figure 2.

Mothers’ work hours moderate the link between their reports of relational love and underemployment.

Figure 3.

Mothers’ expressive personality moderates the link between their reports of relational love and their partners’ reports of underemployment.

Figure 4.

Mothers’ expressivity moderates the links between their reports of coparenting and their own (left panel) and their partners’ reports of underemployment.